Unit 6 The Importance of Trees
Part one - Vocabulary and Language Notes
Read the following passage carefully
Why do we need trees?
If you ask people why we need trees, most of them will answer: “we need wood from tees for building houses”; “we get fruit and nuts from trees”; “we make paper out of wood from trees”; “we can use wood as a fuel for cooking and heating”. Recently, people have added a more serious reason to this list: “Trees help the earth to breathe” or “they protect us from global warming”.
It has been said that more than 5000 things in everyday use are made from trees. Here are a few of them: furniture, sports equipment, pencils, magazines and newspapers, cardboard boxes, musical instruments and- believe it or not- some kinds of toothpaste.
In addition to these uses, trees also give us valuable chemicals. Turpentine, which is used as paint remover, is made from the sap of trees. Sap can also be used to make rubber. If wood is heated, chemicals are produced which can be used to make medicines and some kinds of plastic. Wood products can also be turned into paper, cardboard and materials from which clothes can be made. You may be surprised to hear that wood products are also used in some types of ice cream and other foods.
So, the next time you are reading a newspaper, eating an ice cream, playing the piano or cleaning your teeth, just stop and think: how would you manage to do these things if there were no trees?
Definitions
bark = the material that forms the surface of the wood of a tree القشرة الخارجية للشجرة
harden = to become firm or stiff. يصلب , يجعله صلبا
ring = an object in the shape of a circle حلَقة
tube = a pipe that liquids or gases go through. أنبوب
roots = the parts of trees that grow under the ground and find water. جذور
calculate = to find out something or measure something by using numbers يحسب , يحصى
extract = to remove something يستخرج
width = the distance from one side of something to the other العرض , الإتساع
cardboard = very stiff thick paper, used especially for making boxes ورق مقوي , كرتون
instrument = something such as a piano or violin used for producing musical sounds جهاز , أداة
products = things that are made or grown to be sold منتجات
rubber = A substance used for making tyres, boots, etc. مطاط
sap = the liquid that carries food through plants and trees عصارة
toothpaste = substance used for cleaning your teeth معجون أسنان
turpentine = a strong-smelling liquid used for removing paint زيت التربنيت
More vocabulary
cells خلايا
trunk الجذع
branch فرع
leaves أوراق الشجر
goats ماعز
damage ضرر , تلف
soft أملس , ناعم , طرى
cellular خلوي
farms مزارع
nuts الجوز
breathe يتنفس
breath النَفَس
breathing التنفس
heating التدفئة
woods غابة
furniture الأثاث
musical instrument آلة موسيقية
paint remover مزيل طلاء
chemical مادة كيميائية
plastic البلاستيك
flat مسطح
seeds البذور
plough يحرث
irrigate يَروي
fertile خصب
bridge جسر , كوبري
pink وردي
car tyres إطارات السيارات
brush فرشاة , يستخدم الفرشاة
firm صلب , حازم , شركة
stiff جامد , صلب
thin رقيق , رفيع
count the rings يعِد الحلقات
sequoia نوع من الأشجار الطويلة ينمو في كاليفورنيا
violin كمان
musical sounds أصوات موسيقية
punish يعاقب
punishment العقاب
container وعاء , إناء , حاوية
prune trees يُقَلِم الأشجار
absorb يمتص
absorption امتصاص
rain forests الغابات المطيرة
owner مالك
detective مخبر
select يختار
selection اختيار
plot حبكة
scene مشهد
gradual تدريجي
gradually ندريجيا , بالتدريج
Prepositions and Expressions
cut down يقطع , يُقلل
carry from .. to يحمل من .. إلي
leave out يستبعد
along the sides of the street على إمتداد جانبي الشارع
believe it or not صدق أو لا تصدق
in addition to بالإضافة إلي
make predictions يتنبأ
in general بصفة عامة
do a favour يقدم خدمة أو معروف
good for مفيد لـ
get in the team ينضم للفريق
fall over in the wind يسقط أثناء هبوب الرياح
a set of instructions مجموعة تعليمات
get better at يتحسن في
put down roots يستقر , في مكان معين
put out fire يُطفئ النيران
hide from enemies يختبئ من الأعداء
in the shape of a circle علي شكل دائرة
make paper out of wood يصنع الورق من الخشب
take in يمتص / يفهم / يخدع
keep .. away from يُبعد .. عن
do damage to يضُر / يُلحق ضررا بـ
do good to يعود بالفائدة علي
give out يُخرج / يُطلق
make up يُشكِل / يُكَوِن / يخترع قصة
point downwards يشير أو يتجه لأسفل
Words that go together
sports equipment أجهزة رياضية
set rules and regulations يضع القواعد واللوائح
break the rules يُخالف القواعد
abide by the law يلتزم بالقانون
give instructions يعطي تعليمات
international community المجتمع الدولي
the united nations الأمم المتحدة
reclaim the desert يستصلح الصحراء
forest clearance إزالة الغابات
spread awareness ينشر الوعي
reduce noise pollution يقلل التلوث الضوضائي
develop new techniques يُطَور أساليب جديدة
square kilometer كيلومتر مربع
cubic centimeter سنتيمتر مكعب
foreign investment الاستثمار الأجنبي
cardboard box صندوق من الكرتون
rubber gloves قفاز من المطاط
exert efforts يبذل الجهود
witness a great shift يشهد تحولا كبيرا
resolve - solve the crisis يحل الأزمة
alleviate suffering يخفف المعاناة
annual festival مهرجان سنوي
Language Notes:
لاحظ استخدام الصفة في هذا التركيب
It ( be فى الزمن الصحيح ) + adj. + of + someone +(not) to do something
(nice / kind / stupid / silly / clever / polite / careless)
It is kind of you to help me.
It was careless of Jack not to lock the door.
يُضاف المقطع
th
الي بعض الصفات لتكوين الاسم
wide width
long length
strong strength
deep depth
grow growth
heal health
تستخدم else
بعد الكلمات التي تبدأ بـ some – every – no – some
وتنتهي بالكلمات one / thing / body / where مثل:
someone else/ everyone else / something else / nothing else
بمعنى شخص آخر , شئ آخر وهكذا
كما نستخدم
else بعد أدوات الاستفهام what / who / why / where:
What else do you want to do?
Who else attended حضر the meeting?
be made of: مصنوع من مادة لا تتغير خواصها
This watch is made of gold.
be made from: مصنوع من مادة أو أكثرتتغير خواصها
This cake is made from flour, butter and milk.
be made by: مصنوع بواسطة
This hat was made by a friend of mine.
be made in: مصنوع في مكان معين
A lot of products are now made in China.
الصفة المركبة تتكون عادة من كلمتين وتصف الاسم بعدها:
adj. / adv. + PP:
adj. / adv. / n. + V + ing:
old-fashioned
densely-populated
kind-hearted
deeply-rooted
open-minded
absent-minded
brightly-coloured
widely-used
strong-minded
far-reaching
long-lasting
mouth-watering
never-ending
labour-saving
fast-growing
تأتي catch
بمعاني مختلفة:
catch the ball
catch a thief
catch fire
catch a disease
catch fish
catch a train /a bus
catch up with
catch someone's attention
catch sight of
تأتي hold
بمعاني مختلفة:
hold a meeting / a conference
hold a position / a post
hold an opinion
hold (500) people
hold (him) responsible for
hold the line = hold on
Words often confused:
wander يتجول
wonder يتساءل / يستغرب / يتعجب
He wandered around the mall for half an hour.
I wonder if I could borrow your car.
Sometimes I wonder about his behaviour.
quiet هاديء
quite تماما / الي حد ما
quit يترك / يغادر / يتوقف عن
We'll have to be quiet so as not to wake the baby.
The food in the canteen is quite good.
That's quite a different matter.
She's going to quit her job.
connect something to something يوصل بجهاز
First connect the printer to the computer.
connect something with something يوصل / يرتبط بـ
The railway link would connect Tanta with Cairo.
There was nothing to connect him with the crime.
contact يتصل بـ
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.
climate: المناخ الظروف الجوية السائدة في مكان ما علي مدي سنوات
This part of the country has a dry climate.
weather: حالة الجو (من حيث درجة الحرارة والرطوبة وغيرها في فترة قصيرة)
The weather today is so hot.
Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
Choose the correct answer
1-Many boxes are (made of – made in – made by – made from) cardboard.
2-People put (toothpaste – cream – tablets – pills) on their brush to clean their teeth.
3-Every year, the cells under the bark of a tree (hard – herd – harden – burden) and become new wood.
4-This road is too narrow for all today's traffic, so they are going to (shorten – sharpen – harden – widen) it.
5-That old bridge over the river is very weak. They will have to (lengthen – strengthen – narrow – weaken) it soon.
6-The new trousers are too long, so my mother is going to (broaden – widen – deepen – shorten) them for me.
7-The knife doesn't cut very well. I need to (weaken – sharpen – harden – widen) it.
8-That film is so popular that the queues to see it (widen – strengthen - lengthen – long) every day.
9-The liquid that carries food in trees is called (tap – nap – sap – lap).
10-A violin is a musical (instrument – equipment – machine – technique).
11-She used rubber (doves – clubs – gloves – cups) to protect her hands from chemicals.
12-She has a lot of sports (equipment – styles – techniques - ways) in her house.
13-The world is trying to find a solution to the problem of (local – regional – universal – global) warming.
14-He used a paint (remove – removal – removing – remover) to clean his shirt.
15-My hands (hardened – awakened – broadened – lengthened) when I was working on the farm.
16-We can determine the (length – width -age – disease) of a tree by counting the rings.
17-We need 3 test (taps – tips – tubes – tops) for this experiment.
18-Egypt exports a lot of (conducts – instructs – deducts – products) to other countries.
19-I (included – excluded – calculated – valued) that we would arrive there at 6. p.m.
20-The oil which is (extracted – retreated – contacted – conducted) from olives is used for cooking.
21-The garden is 20 metres in (wide – widen – width – the wide).
22-The scientists couldn't (accumulate – insulate – congratulate – calculate) when the spaceship would reach the moon.
23-This firm has (leaves – trunks – branches – roots) in many cities.
24-A lot of medicines come from tropical (rainforests – rainbows – raindrops – rainfalls).
25-The walls of the house (avoid – protect – absorb – widen) heat during the day.
26-Wheat grows well on (futile – fertile – file – infertile) soil.
27-Cutting (in – of – away – down) trees causes damage to the environment.
28-We should plant more trees (along – beneath – off – above) the sides of streets.
29-Five trees fell (on – over – to – in) in the storm.
30-After ten years of travelling around the world, she felt it was time to put down (roots – branches – trunks – leaves) somewhere.
31-You have to obey all the (roles – reels – rails – rules) and regulations.
32-The (weather – climate – atmosphere – sky) was so cold yesterday, so we didn't go out.
33-In (add – additional – addition – additive) to washing the dishes, she tidied her room.
34-They (drilled – pulled – called - felled) into the tree and extracted a thin piece of wood.
35-The (width – health – wealth – filth) of the rings of trees depend on the climate and the amount of rain.
36-Studying the rings of trees shows us (why – when – how much – what) the weather was like hundreds of years ago.
37-Most trees (die – live – grow – reach) bigger every year.
38-In every tree, there is a circle of soft cells which (harden – drop – stay – go) every spring or summer.
39-The (tapes – tunnels – tubes – channels) carry water from a tree's roots to its leaves.
40-The bark (destroys – demolishes – protects – hides) the living part of the tree.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1-Car tyres and the bottoms of some shoes are made from rubber.
2-The tree's leaves help it to take off light from the sun.
3-This cream contains expands from several plants.
4-The tallest tree is among two and three thousand years old.
5-Goats and other animals can die trees by damaging the bark.
6-The cells below the bark firm new wood every year.
7-The more air there is in a year, the wider the tree rings are.
8-It is possible to inculcate the age of a tree.
9-We need wood from trees for demolishing houses.
10-We can make paper down of wood.
11-Wood can be used as a feel for cooking and heating.
12-Trees help to increase pollution.
13-Turpentine is used as a paint mover.
14-The climate today is so cold. I can't go out.
15-This road contacts Assiut with Fayoum.
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