UNIT 4 - Writers and Stories

UNIT 4 - Writers and Stories

Part one

Read the following passage carefully:
Yehia Haqqi (1905 – 1992)
   Yehia Haqqi was one of the pioneers of modern Egyptian literature.  As well as being an important writer, he was an expert on Arabic culture.
   Yehia Haqqi was born in 1905 in the Sayyida Zeinab district of Cairo.  He graduated in law and worked for a short time as a lawyer.  In 1929, he began his career as a diplomat and he worked abroad for more than 20 years.  The time he spent in France, Italy, Turkey and Libya gave him experiences he later used in his writing.
   At the same time as he was working, Haqqi was also writing stories.  His first short story, published in 1925, established him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab world.
   Haqqi always wanted to help poor and disabled people.  He had to go to hospital after an earthquake in Cairo, but gave his bed to a poor person who he thought needed it more.  In 1955, he wrote a collection of short stories about the poor and the disabled which won an important prize.  Another of his stories, The Postman, was made into a film.
   Haqqi wrote in a new way about Arab society and customs in the twentieth century.  Haqqi was also interested in the Arabic language and he developed a new style of writing which is respected today.
   As well as writing his own novels and stories, Haqqi also translated Russian, French, Italian and Turkish literature into Arabic.  He was a very strong believer in the power of education and supported many young Egyptian writers.
   Haqqi died in 1992, but is still thought of as the father of the modern short story and the novel in Egypt.

معانى الكلمات المحددة التى وردت بالقطعة بالترتيب
 

pioneers  رواد
literature  الأدب
expert  خبير
culture  الثقافة
district   حي سكني / منطقة
graduated  يتخرج
law  القانون
lawyer  محامى
career  مهنة
diplomat  دبلوماسي
abroad  الخارج
experiences  تجارب
later  فيما بعد
established  يُثبت / يؤسس
disabled  معاق
earthquake  زلزال
collection  مجموعة   
society  المجتمع
customs  عادات
developed   يُطور / ينمي
style  أسلوب
respected   يحظي بالاحترام
believer  مؤمن
supported  يساند / يؤيد

Definitions  تعريفات

competition  = a situation in which people or organisations compete with each other  مسابقة / منافسة
old-fashioned  = not modern and not fashionable any more  بطُل استعماله / غير مساير للموضة
routine (n)  = the  usual way in which you do things  روتين /  معتاد
midday  = Twelve o'clock in the middle of the day.  منتصف اليوم
attachment  = something you attach to/send with an e-mail  مرفقات
publisher  = person or company that produces books, magazines, etc., and makes  them available for people to buy  ناشر
custom  = something that people do in a society because it is traditional  عادة
develop  = to make a new product or idea successful   ينمى / يطور
district  = an area of a city or country  منطقة / حى
establish  = to achieve or give someone a respected position in society or in an organisation  يؤسس / يثبت
law  = the system of rules that people in a country or place must obey  القانون
pioneer  = one of the first people to do  something that other people will continue to develop  رائد
style  = a way of doing or making something that is typical of a particular person, group or period  أسلوب

More vocabulary
 

interpret  يُفسر 
documentary  فيلم وثائقي أو تسجيلي 
national  قومي / وطني
average    متوسط 
insist  يُصـر 
syllable  مقطع  -  في كلمة
race  سباق 
exactly  بالضبط  / تماما 
sound يبدو 
initiative  مبادرة
immigration  الهجرة 
diplomacy  الدبلوماسية   
diplomatic (adj.)  دبلوماسي
article  مقالة
political  سياسي   
a politician (n)  سياسي   
report  تقرير   
excellent    ممتاز
devastate     يُدمر   
destroy  يُدمر
graduate    يتخرج / خريج
graduation  التخرج
the Arab World  العالم العربي
the Middle East  الشرق الأوسط
the Far East  الشرق الأقصى
disability    إعاقة
disaster  كارثة
catastrophe  كارثة
collect  يجمع
postman    ساعي البريد
poverty  الفقر
suffering    المعاناة
illiteracy    الأمية   
despair    اليأس
readily    بسهولة / حالا   
Arab society  المجتمع العربي
a sports teacher  مدرس ألعاب
Turkish  تركي   
Russian روسي
regard = consider  يعتبر
travel agent  وكيل سياحي
tour guide    مرشد سياحي
a film = a movie  فيلم
book fair    معرض كتاب   
cultural festival  مهرجان ثقافي
civilization  الحضارة
traditional     تقليدي
position  مكانة أو وظيفة
a product    مُنتج
organisation  منظمة / مؤسسة
rules  قواعد   
values  قيم
particular  معين / مخصص
period  فترة
usage  استخدام
reinforce    يُقوي / يُدعم / يعزز
encounter    يقابل / يواجه
handle  يتعامل مع
tools  أدوات   
skills  مهارات
flexible  مرن
challenges  تحديات
author  مؤلف
obey  يُطيع

Prepositions and Expressions  تعبيرات وحروف جر

at midday    في منتصف اليوم
at midnight  في منتصف الليل
at night  في الليل
at dawn  في الفجر
in the morning/evening/afternoon  في الصباح/المساء/بعد الظهر   
it gave me a headache  سبب لي صداعا
happy with  سعيد بـ
type something onto the computer  يقوم بكتابة شيء علي الكمبيوتر
an expert in/on/at  خبير في
establish himself as    يحقق لنفسه مكانة كـ
make a story into a film  يحول قصة إلي فيلم
translate into  يُترجم إلي
a believer in  مؤمن بـ
the father of the modern novel    رائد الرواية الحديثة
know a lot about  يعرف الكثير عن
be typical of  له نفس صفات أو مزايا
provide a model for    يقدم نموذج أو قدوة لـ
empathic     مشارك للآخرين في معاناتهم ومشاعرهم
tolerant of/towards  متسامح تجاه
adjust to    ستكيف أو يتأقلم علي

Words that go together

e-mail attachments    مرفقات بالايميل   
enter a competition    يدخل مسابقة
have a routine  لديه روتين معين
have lunch  يتناول الغداء
against the law  ضد القانون
break the lawيخالف القانون
enforce the law  يُطبق أو ينفذ القانون
strict laws    قوانين صارمة
natural disasters  كوارث طبيعية
multicultural society    مجتمع متعدد الثقافات
civilized society  مجتمع متحضر
social justice  العدالة الاجتماعية
widen horizons  يوسع الآفاق
human resources  الموارد البشرية
members of society    أفراد أو أعضاء المجتمع
eliminate illiteracy  يمحو الأمية

Language Notes  

عند استخدام 
the
قبل صفات معينة تتحول الصفة إلي اسم جمع
the poor / the rich / the disabled / the deaf / the blind / the dumb /the sick / the dead / the young / the old / the homeless / the elderly / the unemployed

The poor are in need of our help. = Poor people are in need of our help.

لاحظ الإستخدامات التالية
a day / a month / per hour / per person
بمعنى فى أو كل
He earns 500 pounds a month. 
He drove 70 miles per hour.

 لاحظ عدم الجمع هنا

week / second / month / year / minute / hour / day
I usually have a ten-minute break for coffee at midday.
a five-hour meeting    a three-day trip
ولكننا نقول
The trip took three days.    The meeting lasted for five hours.

in a week's time    in two years' time

لاحظ الفرق بين الكلمات الآتية

profession مهنة أو عمل يتطلب قدرا كبيرا من التدريب والتعليم مثل الطب والمحاماة والتدريس                          
He left the teaching profession to set up his own business.

work: العمل بصفة عامة ولا تجمع
Peter's work involves a lot of travelling.       •I have a lot of work to do.

work: يقوم بتشغيل - آلة مثلا
Do you know how to work (=operate) this coffee machine?

اذا جُمعَت كلمة work
يصبح معناها مؤلفات أو أعمال فنية أو أدبية
a work of art    works of art

job: وظيفة (تجمع) و تشير إلي عمل منتظم يقوم به الشخص لكسب المال
When she left college, she got a job as a secretary.
She has applied for a job with an insurance company.

career:   الحياة المهنية / الفترة التي يقضيها الشخص في وظيفة معينة             
He has a long career in journalism. الصحافة

experience:   الخبرة - ما يكتسبه الشخص من معرفة ومهارات من خلال عمل معين – لا تُجمع 
experiences : مواقف أو تجارب أو خبرات في الحياة
They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.
I had some interesting experiences while I was travelling.
= things that happened to me
experiment : تجربة علمية لإثبات صحة شيء ما أو التوصل لنتائج معينة
Teachers usually carry out simple experiments in the laboratory.

Words often confused:

routine  الروتين اليومي (ما يقوم به الشخص من أعمال في نفس الوقت يوميا)           
red tape  روتين الإجراءات الرسمية
Dressing is a task which we do every day as a matter of routine.
We must get rid of the red tape in government offices.

mend  يقوم بإصلاح شيء تالف أو لا يعمل       
amend  يقوم بإجراء تعديل أو تغيير في نص أو قانون
The plumber came to mend the burst pipe.
The constitution الدستور was amended some time ago.

win (T/ I) يكسـب / يفـوز بـ  a game/ a raceسباق / a medal / a competition مسابقة / a cup / a   match / a contest مسابقة / support دعم/ مساندة/ تأييد/ love / trust  ثقة/ confidence  ثقة  / approvalاستحسان  /war/loyalty  ولاء/إخلاص  /  friends
Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup?   

beat يهزم / يتغلب علي       
Holland beat Argentina by 3/1.       
gain يكتسب   information / knowledge معرفة / experience / reputation( سمعة 
gain  weight / speed / height     يزداد في الوزن / السرعة / الارتفاع
earn (money / earn a living ) يكسب من عمل / يكسب قوته            
She earns $40,000 a year.   

abroad  الخارج     aboard  علي متن سفينة أو طائرة أو قطار
My father travelled abroad on business.
They finally went aboard the plane.

other than = except  ما عدا    
rather than = in preference to / instead of  بدلا من / مفضلا شيء علي آخر
otherwise = except  وإلا    
The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.
I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.
You'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
 

1.Magdi Yacoub was one of the first heart transplant (engineers – mountaineers – pioneers – volunteers).
2.Scientists are paid to (build – develop – arrive – hide) new medicines every year to help people.
3.In my grandfather's village, they still follow the same traditional (customs – classics – reactions – observations) that he used to follow when he was a boy.
4.My sister loves clothes and buys very (changeable – believable - fashionable – comparable) dresses.
5.The flight attendant welcomed us (aboard – abroad – broad – broaden).
6.A (diplomat - publisher – partner – performer) is someone who produces books, newspapers or magazines.
7.My parents gave me a (coronation – competition – recommendation – collection) of modern short stories for my birthday.
8.Yehia Haqqi was an important twentieth century (writer – plumber – teacher – surgeon).
9.To (deepen – drop – develop - envelop) is to make a new product or idea successful.
10.(Habits – Cultures – Civilizations - Customs) are things that people do because they are traditional.
11.All people must (obey – break – destroy – damage) the law.
12.A (biologist – beginner – pioneer - bystander) is one of the first people to do something that others will continue.
13.A (district – strict – constrict - stick) is an area of a town or city.
14.He cannot work because of his (ability – facility – flexibility - disability).
15.The government has promised to provide more money to help (homeless – homes – the homeless – home).
16.Some people believe that (experiments – experience – experiences – examples) on animals should be banned.
17.I had several bad (experiences – experience – experiments – extensions) during my last trip.
18.There was nobody in the house (rather than – other than – otherwise – other) Ali.
19.Brazil (earns – wins – pays - buys) millions of pounds a year from coffee exports.
20.Winning the gold medal at the Olympics was the highlight of his (jobs – works – career – profession).
21.I haven't had a steady (career – job – work – profession) since last March.
22.The homeless often (live – is living – lives – living) on the streets.
23.Which team do you (export – import – support – report)?
24.I'll e-mail my report to you as an (attachment – amendment – adjustment – appointment).
25.There have been significant computer (attachments – appointments - developments – agreements) during the last decade.
26.It's difficult for a small supermarket to (compete – impede – complete – correct) with the big supermarkets.
27.This book is a work of (infection – perfection - fiction – affection) and not intended as a historical account.
28.He is regarded as one of the (heads – bosses  - supervisors – pioneers) of modern science.
29.He wouldn't try to mislead you. It's not his (style – case – condition – circumstance).
30.Of course robbery is against the (court – judge – lawyer – law).
31.Many doctors want to see a law (allowing – welcoming – banning – rewarding) all tobacco advertising.
32.His first short story (appointed – posted – allowed – established) him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab world.
33.In my country, it's the (law – custom – rule – regulation) for women to get married in white.
34.I'm looking for a job which will enable me to (develop – depend – replace – deplete) my skills.
35.There's no fixed (career – profession – routine – position) at work – every day is different.
36.Clothing stores face heavy (connection – competition – communication – collaboration) from factory outlets.
37.Yehia Haqqi was an (expert – experience – experiment – exporter) on Arab culture.
38.The time he spent in different countries gave him (exercises – experiments – experiences – excavations) that he later used in his writing.
39.His collection of short stories (beat – gained – earned – won) an important prize.
40.As well as (write – writing – wrote – to write) novels, he also translated French literature into Arabic.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
 

1-Yehia Haqqi was one of the pioneers of modern Egyptian literary.
2-Yehia Haqqi was born in a poor county of Cairo.
3-Yehia Haqqi is still thought of as the mother of the modern short story and the novel in Egypt.
4-Yehia Haqqi was a strong belief in the power of education.
5-Yehia Haqqi's novels were translated with many languages.
6-Yehia Haqqi was interested in the Arabic language and he developed a new steel of writing.
7-He worked aboard for more than 20 years.
8-Yehia Haqqi's first short story publish in 1925.
9-Yehia Haqqi is a writer of children's infection.
10-The guide offered tourists information on local customary.
11-He spent a three days holiday in Acapulco.
12-His training as a law affected the way he wrote his novels.
13-This price reduction is due to complexion among suppliers.
14-She sent me her photograph as an e-mail detachment.
15-He wanted to help the poor and the disability.