Unit 4 Writers and Stories
Part 2
Grammar
Past Tenses: Active & Passive
Past Simple Tense
يستخدم الماضى البسيط والذى يتكون من التصريف الثانى للفعل
1- للتعبير عن حدث انتهي في وقت معين في الماضي
I visited my aunt last week.
The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.
2- للتعبير عن موقف أو عادة في الماضي
When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every day.
يستخدم الماضي البسيط عادة مع كلمات مثل
last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago)/ in 2000 / in the past
How much bread did you buy yesterday? للسؤال فى الماضى البسيط
I didn’t know him then. للنفى
تكوين الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول
Was / were + PP
He wrote the letter a few days ago.
The letter was written a few days ago.
تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن الماضي
used to + inf. عادة فى الماضى وإنتهت ولم تعد تحدث الآن
I used to play tennis, but now I play football.
وفي حالة النفي
didn't use to + inf.
He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does.
وفي حالة السؤال
did + فاعل + use to + inf. ..?
Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?
تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن عادة بدأت فى الماضى ومازالت تحدث حتى الآن
am / is / are used to + -ing
He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning.
= He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.
وفي حالة السؤال
am / Is / Are + فاعل + used to + v-ing. ..?
Is she used to living on her own?
تستخدم no longer
بدلا من used to
ويأتي بعدها الفعل في الضارع البسيط
He used to stay up late. = He no longer stays up late.
تستخدم any more / any longer
بدلا من used to
مع نفى الفعل في المضارع البسيط و تأتى في نهاية الجملة
He used to live here. = He doesn’t live here any more.
يمكن إستخدام إسم أو ضمير بعد
be used to
He is used to the cold weather.
لاحظ أن
am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing
He is in the habit of borrowing money from others.
= He is used to borrowing money from others.
used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing
She used to sleep in class.. = She was in the habit of sleeping in class.
لاحظ إستخدام be used to + inf.
عندما تكون الجملة فى صيغة المبنى للمجهول بمعنى يُستخدم
Water is used to generate electricity.
Past Continuous Tense الماضي المستمر
was / were + v ing يتكون من
يستخدم الماضي المستمر
1- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر أثناء وقت معين في الماضي
Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.
2- للتعبير عن حدث مستمر في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل
while / when / as / just as
While we were going home , it started to rain .
When it started to rain , we were going home .
wlile - as - just as + past continuous ----> past simple
when + past simple ----> past continuous
ولكن يمكن أن تأخذ العكس مثل
while كالتالى
when + past continuous ----> past simple
when we were going home , it started to rain .
يمكن أن يكون الحدثين مع
when في الماضي البسيط
When he arrived , he found the door locked.
يمكن أن يكون الحدثان متزامنان مع
while في الماضي المستمر
While I was studying, my father was reading.
While we were going home , it started to rain .
يمكن استخدام
On بدلا من when و يأتي يعدها : v+ ing
When he arrived , he found the door locked.
= On arriving, he found the door locked.
يمكن استخدام during بدلا من while
و يأتي يعدها noun / v+ ing
While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)
During the game, he got hurt.
He got hurt during the game.
تذكر أن الفعل بعد
and
يأخذ نفس شكل الفعل الذي يسبقه
He was writing a letter and listening to some music.
She has finished work and gone home.
لاحظ عدم استخدام
to Be في الماضي المستمر
While I was at school, I worked to a plan. " not , was being "
الماضي المستمر في المبني للمجهول
Was / were being + PP
He was writing the letter.
The letter was being written.
The Present Perfect Tense
يتكون المضارع التام من
Have / Has + PP.
He has just bought a new car.
يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن
1- حدث تم في الماضي ولا يزال له تأثير في الحاضر
My car has broken down.
= I have to go to work by bus.
2- حدث تم في الماضي و ما زال مستمر في الحاضر
I have done this job for many years.
= I still do this job.
يستخدم المضـارع التام مع كلمات مثـل
already / just / ever / never / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now / yet
just / already / ever / never
تأتى بين
have / has .... pp.
I have just seen him.
He has already arrived .
Twenty million people have seen the film already. يمكن أن في نهاية الجملة
They have never visited this place.
Have you ever seen that man ? تأتى فى غالبا فى السؤال
I have never seen him . تأتى فى النفى
since / for
since + بداية الحدث , تاريخ محدد فى الماضى , ماضى بسيط
I haven't seen him since 2010. مضارع تام لأن الجملة بها فعل واحد
I haven't seen him since he travelled. مضارع تام ثم ماضى بسيط بعد
since لأن الجملة بها فعلين
أمثلة لما يُستخدم مع
since
last week / last summer أى وقت محدد مع last
1999 أى سنة
October أى شهر
Monday أى يوم
five o’clock أى ساعة
this morning
yesterday
then
breakfast
For + فترة زمنية , طول الفترة أو المدة
I haven't seen him for 3 years.
I haven't seen him for a long time.
أمثلة لما يُستخدم مع
for
a week , 2 weeks
the last week = the whole week
a year , two years
five hours
a month , three months
a day , two days
a long time
ages = a long time
fortnight = two weeks
يستخدم المضارع التام إذا بدأت الجملة بمـا يلـي
It’s / This is the first (second…) time..
It’s (This) is the only…
In the last few years / months
In recent years
over the ages / over the years / over the centuries علي مر العصور
It’s the first time I have been to this city.
This is the only play I have seen.
She has made great progress in the last few years.
لاحظ الإستخدامات التالية
just = a short time ago / a minute ago / a moment ago
They left the building a minute ago. (just)
= They have just left the building.
Last / The last time / ago + past simple
I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo.
= I haven’t had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.
The last time I met Jennie was in 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie since 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie for 10 years.
The last time I played chess was six years ago.
= I haven’t played chess since 2003.
= I haven’t played chess for seven years.
started to / began to + inf.
He has learnt English for six years.
= He began / started to learn English six years ago.
It’s / It's been + فترة زمنية + since + فاعل + + last + ماضي بسيط
He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time.
= It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام
ever بدلا من never نستخدم صيغة تفضيل
I have never done such a tiring job.
= This is the most tiring job I have ever done.
• لاحظ أنه عند استخدام
never بدلا من ever نستخدم such (a/an) adj. + n.:
This is the worst luck I have ever had.
= I have never had such bad luck.
لاحظ استخدام yet في الجملة المنفيــة
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
في حالة استخدام yet بدلا من still
نستخدم مضارع تام منفى بدلا من المضارع المستمر
He is still writing the report.
= He hasn’t finished writing the report yet.
المضارع التام في المبني للمجهول
Have been / has been + PP
He has written the letter.
The letter has been written.
Past Perfect
يتكون الماضي التام من had + PP.
ويستخدم ليدل علي حدث وقع قبل آخر في الماضي ويستخدم عادة مع الروابط الآتية
After / When / As soon as + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
ماضي بسيط منفي till / until ماضي تام
Before / By the time + ماضي تام ماضي بسيط
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.
As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.
I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.
Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.
By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.
I had already done the homework before I went out.
الماضي التام في المبني للمجهول
had been + PP
He had written the letter.
The letter had been written.
Exercises on Grammar
Choose the correct answer:
1-At the age of seven, my parents (are taking – were taking – took – take) me to Jordan.
2-At the age of seven, he (gave – was given – has given – had given) a prize for a drawing of an animal.
3-Someone phoned me while I (cook – was cooked – am cooking – was cooking) the dinner.
4-While my car (was mending – was being mended – has mended – had mended), I went shopping.
5-While my mother was doing the washing up, my baby sister (was looking – has been looked – was being looked – had looked) after.
6-As soon as he (takes – has taken – will take – had taken) the photograph, he showed it to his friend.
7-As soon as the robbers (had arrested – had been arrested – were arresting – are arrested), they were taken to jail.
8-Something is wrong with his car, so he (has taken – has been taken – was taken – is being taken) it to the garage.
9-The injured woman (takes – has taken – will take – has been taken) to hospital.
10-I (have seen – saw – would see – was seen) him a few days ago.
11-He (didn't use to - isn't used to – used – uses) need much sleep, but he does now.
12-(Are – Is – Did – Does) you use to play with dolls?
13-While he was finishing one story, he (thinks – is thinking – was thinking – has thought) of another one.
14-My last e-mail (send – was sending – has sent – was sent) to six people.
15-When she (is – was – was being – has been) seven, she wrote a poem which won a prize.
16-I (write – am writing – was writing – have written) stories for as long as I can remember.
17-She (writes – has written – wrote – will write) poetry for 7 years, but now she writes novels.
18-This film (directed – had directed – was directed – was directing) by Thomas Wilson.
19-I (enjoy – am enjoying – had to enjoy – have enjoyed) reading novels since I was a young child.
20-Yesterday, my sister (gives – has given – gave – would give) me a book she had finished reading the day before.
Find the mistakes in the following sentences and write them correctly:
1-The washing machine delivers while I was reading the newspaper.
2-I am used to reading at least one book a week, but now I don't read so many.
3-While I come to school today, I saw an old friend.
4-At six o'clock yesterday evening, I am watching TV.
5-Five years ago, I am used to ride a bicycle.
6-I used reading the newspaper every day. Now I don't have the time.
7-As soon as we arrived at school, the first lesson begins.
8-What did you do when I called you? You sounded very busy.
9-I had my own computer for 3 years now.
10-While my sister does her homework, she was listening to music.
11-All the students in my class pass the exam already.
12-My parents use to live in a small flat in the city centre.
13-Yesterday evening, we revised for our English test when all the lights went out.
14-I attend this school for five years.
15-Our school was opening exactly 25 years ago today.
16-She played the piano since the age of six and she still plays every day.
17-Our block of flats build five years ago.
18-Five trees cutting down a week ago.
19-Yesterday evening, the programme to watch by a million people.
20-The room clean when the earthquake happened.
Past Tenses: Active & Passive
Past Simple Tense
يستخدم الماضى البسيط والذى يتكون من التصريف الثانى للفعل
1- للتعبير عن حدث انتهي في وقت معين في الماضي
I visited my aunt last week.
The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.
2- للتعبير عن موقف أو عادة في الماضي
When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every day.
يستخدم الماضي البسيط عادة مع كلمات مثل
last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago)/ in 2000 / in the past
How much bread did you buy yesterday? للسؤال فى الماضى البسيط
I didn’t know him then. للنفى
تكوين الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول
Was / were + PP
He wrote the letter a few days ago.
The letter was written a few days ago.
تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن الماضي
used to + inf. عادة فى الماضى وإنتهت ولم تعد تحدث الآن
I used to play tennis, but now I play football.
وفي حالة النفي
didn't use to + inf.
He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does.
وفي حالة السؤال
did + فاعل + use to + inf. ..?
Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?
تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن عادة بدأت فى الماضى ومازالت تحدث حتى الآن
am / is / are used to + -ing
He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning.
= He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.
وفي حالة السؤال
am / Is / Are + فاعل + used to + v-ing. ..?
Is she used to living on her own?
تستخدم no longer
بدلا من used to
ويأتي بعدها الفعل في الضارع البسيط
He used to stay up late. = He no longer stays up late.
تستخدم any more / any longer
بدلا من used to
مع نفى الفعل في المضارع البسيط و تأتى في نهاية الجملة
He used to live here. = He doesn’t live here any more.
يمكن إستخدام إسم أو ضمير بعد
be used to
He is used to the cold weather.
لاحظ أن
am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing
He is in the habit of borrowing money from others.
= He is used to borrowing money from others.
used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing
She used to sleep in class.. = She was in the habit of sleeping in class.
لاحظ إستخدام be used to + inf.
عندما تكون الجملة فى صيغة المبنى للمجهول بمعنى يُستخدم
Water is used to generate electricity.
Past Continuous Tense الماضي المستمر
was / were + v ing يتكون من
يستخدم الماضي المستمر
1- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر أثناء وقت معين في الماضي
Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.
2- للتعبير عن حدث مستمر في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل
while / when / as / just as
While we were going home , it started to rain .
When it started to rain , we were going home .
wlile - as - just as + past continuous ----> past simple
when + past simple ----> past continuous
ولكن يمكن أن تأخذ العكس مثل
while كالتالى
when + past continuous ----> past simple
when we were going home , it started to rain .
يمكن أن يكون الحدثين مع
when في الماضي البسيط
When he arrived , he found the door locked.
يمكن أن يكون الحدثان متزامنان مع
while في الماضي المستمر
While I was studying, my father was reading.
While we were going home , it started to rain .
يمكن استخدام
On بدلا من when و يأتي يعدها : v+ ing
When he arrived , he found the door locked.
= On arriving, he found the door locked.
يمكن استخدام during بدلا من while
و يأتي يعدها noun / v+ ing
While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)
During the game, he got hurt.
He got hurt during the game.
تذكر أن الفعل بعد
and
يأخذ نفس شكل الفعل الذي يسبقه
He was writing a letter and listening to some music.
She has finished work and gone home.
لاحظ عدم استخدام
to Be في الماضي المستمر
While I was at school, I worked to a plan. " not , was being "
الماضي المستمر في المبني للمجهول
Was / were being + PP
He was writing the letter.
The letter was being written.
The Present Perfect Tense
يتكون المضارع التام من
Have / Has + PP.
He has just bought a new car.
يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن
1- حدث تم في الماضي ولا يزال له تأثير في الحاضر
My car has broken down.
= I have to go to work by bus.
2- حدث تم في الماضي و ما زال مستمر في الحاضر
I have done this job for many years.
= I still do this job.
يستخدم المضـارع التام مع كلمات مثـل
already / just / ever / never / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now / yet
just / already / ever / never
تأتى بين
have / has .... pp.
I have just seen him.
He has already arrived .
Twenty million people have seen the film already. يمكن أن في نهاية الجملة
They have never visited this place.
Have you ever seen that man ? تأتى فى غالبا فى السؤال
I have never seen him . تأتى فى النفى
since / for
since + بداية الحدث , تاريخ محدد فى الماضى , ماضى بسيط
I haven't seen him since 2010. مضارع تام لأن الجملة بها فعل واحد
I haven't seen him since he travelled. مضارع تام ثم ماضى بسيط بعد
since لأن الجملة بها فعلين
أمثلة لما يُستخدم مع
since
last week / last summer أى وقت محدد مع last
1999 أى سنة
October أى شهر
Monday أى يوم
five o’clock أى ساعة
this morning
yesterday
then
breakfast
For + فترة زمنية , طول الفترة أو المدة
I haven't seen him for 3 years.
I haven't seen him for a long time.
أمثلة لما يُستخدم مع
for
a week , 2 weeks
the last week = the whole week
a year , two years
five hours
a month , three months
a day , two days
a long time
ages = a long time
fortnight = two weeks
يستخدم المضارع التام إذا بدأت الجملة بمـا يلـي
It’s / This is the first (second…) time..
It’s (This) is the only…
In the last few years / months
In recent years
over the ages / over the years / over the centuries علي مر العصور
It’s the first time I have been to this city.
This is the only play I have seen.
She has made great progress in the last few years.
لاحظ الإستخدامات التالية
just = a short time ago / a minute ago / a moment ago
They left the building a minute ago. (just)
= They have just left the building.
Last / The last time / ago + past simple
I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo.
= I haven’t had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.
The last time I met Jennie was in 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie since 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie for 10 years.
The last time I played chess was six years ago.
= I haven’t played chess since 2003.
= I haven’t played chess for seven years.
started to / began to + inf.
He has learnt English for six years.
= He began / started to learn English six years ago.
It’s / It's been + فترة زمنية + since + فاعل + + last + ماضي بسيط
He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time.
= It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام
ever بدلا من never نستخدم صيغة تفضيل
I have never done such a tiring job.
= This is the most tiring job I have ever done.
• لاحظ أنه عند استخدام
never بدلا من ever نستخدم such (a/an) adj. + n.:
This is the worst luck I have ever had.
= I have never had such bad luck.
لاحظ استخدام yet في الجملة المنفيــة
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
في حالة استخدام yet بدلا من still
نستخدم مضارع تام منفى بدلا من المضارع المستمر
He is still writing the report.
= He hasn’t finished writing the report yet.
المضارع التام في المبني للمجهول
Have been / has been + PP
He has written the letter.
The letter has been written.
Past Perfect
يتكون الماضي التام من had + PP.
ويستخدم ليدل علي حدث وقع قبل آخر في الماضي ويستخدم عادة مع الروابط الآتية
After / When / As soon as + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
ماضي بسيط منفي till / until ماضي تام
Before / By the time + ماضي تام ماضي بسيط
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.
As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.
I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.
Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.
By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.
I had already done the homework before I went out.
الماضي التام في المبني للمجهول
had been + PP
He had written the letter.
The letter had been written.
Exercises on Grammar
Choose the correct answer:
1-At the age of seven, my parents (are taking – were taking – took – take) me to Jordan.
2-At the age of seven, he (gave – was given – has given – had given) a prize for a drawing of an animal.
3-Someone phoned me while I (cook – was cooked – am cooking – was cooking) the dinner.
4-While my car (was mending – was being mended – has mended – had mended), I went shopping.
5-While my mother was doing the washing up, my baby sister (was looking – has been looked – was being looked – had looked) after.
6-As soon as he (takes – has taken – will take – had taken) the photograph, he showed it to his friend.
7-As soon as the robbers (had arrested – had been arrested – were arresting – are arrested), they were taken to jail.
8-Something is wrong with his car, so he (has taken – has been taken – was taken – is being taken) it to the garage.
9-The injured woman (takes – has taken – will take – has been taken) to hospital.
10-I (have seen – saw – would see – was seen) him a few days ago.
11-He (didn't use to - isn't used to – used – uses) need much sleep, but he does now.
12-(Are – Is – Did – Does) you use to play with dolls?
13-While he was finishing one story, he (thinks – is thinking – was thinking – has thought) of another one.
14-My last e-mail (send – was sending – has sent – was sent) to six people.
15-When she (is – was – was being – has been) seven, she wrote a poem which won a prize.
16-I (write – am writing – was writing – have written) stories for as long as I can remember.
17-She (writes – has written – wrote – will write) poetry for 7 years, but now she writes novels.
18-This film (directed – had directed – was directed – was directing) by Thomas Wilson.
19-I (enjoy – am enjoying – had to enjoy – have enjoyed) reading novels since I was a young child.
20-Yesterday, my sister (gives – has given – gave – would give) me a book she had finished reading the day before.
Find the mistakes in the following sentences and write them correctly:
1-The washing machine delivers while I was reading the newspaper.
2-I am used to reading at least one book a week, but now I don't read so many.
3-While I come to school today, I saw an old friend.
4-At six o'clock yesterday evening, I am watching TV.
5-Five years ago, I am used to ride a bicycle.
6-I used reading the newspaper every day. Now I don't have the time.
7-As soon as we arrived at school, the first lesson begins.
8-What did you do when I called you? You sounded very busy.
9-I had my own computer for 3 years now.
10-While my sister does her homework, she was listening to music.
11-All the students in my class pass the exam already.
12-My parents use to live in a small flat in the city centre.
13-Yesterday evening, we revised for our English test when all the lights went out.
14-I attend this school for five years.
15-Our school was opening exactly 25 years ago today.
16-She played the piano since the age of six and she still plays every day.
17-Our block of flats build five years ago.
18-Five trees cutting down a week ago.
19-Yesterday evening, the programme to watch by a million people.
20-The room clean when the earthquake happened.
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