Grammar unit 11

Grammar unit 11

The Past Perfect Tense

:had + PP يتكون من
يستخدم الماضي التام غالبا مع كلمات مثل:
after / before / when / as soon as / no sooner / till / until
*After                 
*As soon as     >>>    past perfect      >>>   past simple
*When
Before    >>>    past simple     >>>    past perfect

يستخدم الماضي التام ليصف حدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي:
When I got home, my mother had finished cooking.
   = First my mother finished cooking. Then I arrived home.
Notice the difference between this pair of sentence:  لاحظ الإختلاف بين هاتين الجملتين
When I arrived at the station, the train left..
   = I arrived, then the train left.
When I arrived at the station, the train had left.
   = The train left before I arrived.

As soon as I had seen her, I knew there was something wrong.
After he had read the report, he went to bed.

لاحظ أنه يمكن أيضا استخدام الماضي البسيط بدلا من الماضي التام بعد
after/as soon as :
As soon as I saw the robber, I tried to catch him.   رد فعل متزامن مع الحدث الأول

لاحظ أن    after / before / when / as  soon as  :
يمكن أن  تأتي في وسط الجملة أو بدايتها
Before he saw the film, he tidied/had tidied the room.
He tidied / had tidied the room before he saw the film.
لاحظ استخدام comma  بين الجملتين إذا بدأت الجملة بالروابط السابقة:
After + فاعل  + ماضي تام  = Having + PP   
After he had done = Having done

He worked in a restaurant after he had left school.    
    Having left school, he worked in a restaurant.
As soon as they had arrived, we phoned them.   
    Having arrived, we phoned them.

في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد 
after / before / when نستخدم v.+ing:

*After        
*Before    + v.+ing
*When   
يمكن استخدام اسم بعد
after / before:
After his father's death, he left the country.
   = After his father had died, he left the country.

 لاحظ استخدام by the time   في الماضي
      By the time + ماض تام     ماضي بسيط
 The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped.

بصفة عامة when  مع 
عندما يكون الفعلان في الماضي البسيط  فان الفعل الذي يليها هو الذي حدث أولا
When the play ended, the audience went home.
When he opened the window, the bird flew out.

أحيانا تستخدم 
on  بدلا من  when  
ing ويأتى بعدها الفعل مضافا إليه
When she saw the snake, she screamed.
   On seeing the snake, she screamed.

Before   +  ماضي بسيط         ماضي تام
First he passed the test. Then he got the licence.
Before he got the licence, he had passed the test.

ماضي بسيط منفى + till / until  ماضي تام

تأتي  till/ until  
في وسط الجملة
و قبلها الماضي البسيط غالبا منفي
و بعدها الماضي التام

Before he left, I had given him permission.
   He didn’t leave until I had given him permission.
After she had typed the letter, she posted it. 
    She didn’t post the letter until she had typed it.

because أحيانا يستخدم الماضي التام  بعد 
فى إشارة إلى الفعل الذى حدث أولا
Because he had been in prison, employers were unwilling to offer him a job.
He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.
Leila was late for school because the bus had broken down.
He was angry because she had insulted him.

 يستخدم الماضي التام  مع الكلمات الدالة علي  المضارع التام إذا كان في الجملة ماضي بسيط:
    for / ever / never / already / yet / just
The film has already started. (present perfect)
The film had already started when I arrived. (past perfect)
ولاحظ الفرق أيضا بين الجملتين الآتيتين
The man sitting next to me on the plane is nervous. He has never flown before.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous. He had never flown before.

More Examples:When I met him, he hadn't finished his homework yet.
When I arrived home, my father had just left.
It was the best novel I had ever read.
The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it yet. تلاحظ دائما أن الماضى التام يكون مع الحدث الذى حدث أولا

يستخدم الماضي التام أيضا في غير المباشر:
She said she had seen the film the night before.
وهذه الجملة كانت أصلا ماضي بسيط في المباشر وحولناه إلي الماضي التام في غير المباشر:
She said, "I saw the film last night."

لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام بعد
By then   ومعناها قبل ذلك الوقت:
He arrived home at 11 o'clock yesterday. By then, the rain had stopped.

 wish , if only
للتعبير عن التمنى فى الماضى ويأتى بعدها ماضى تام
I wish I had worked harder last year.
ويستخدم الماضي التام أيضا بعد  if  في الحالة الثالثة:
If she hadn't called, I wouldn't have known.

لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام مع التعبيرات الآتية
It was only when   +  ماضي تام           that  +     ماضي بسيط
As soon as he had paid his debts, he left the town.
   It was only when he had paid his debts that he left the town.

It wasn't until  +  ماضي تام             that  +  ماضي بسيط
She didn't leave until she had got permission
   It wasn't until she had got permission that she left.

لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام مع
no sooner        than
hardly         when        
scarcely        when
فاعل  +  had +   hardly     + PP when  + ماضي بسيط

She left the house. She was run over by a car.    
    She had no sooner left the house than she was run over by a car.
He entered the office. His boss shouted at him.
     He had hardly entered the office when his boss shouted at him.

إذا بدأت الجملة بإحدى الكلمات السابقة ،  تكون الجملة علي شكل سؤال:
She left the house. She was run over by a car.
    No sooner had she left the house than she was run over by a car.

وفي حالة المبني للمجهول نستخدم
Had been + PP

He said that he had cleaned the room.
    He said that the room had been cleaned.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
ويتكون من:
Had been + v+ing

ويستخدم الماضي التام المستمر ليعبر عن حدث استمر لفترة في الماضي قبل وقوع حدث آخر ويستخدم عادة مع
when/since / for/ all day / all weekend   :

ويأتي عادة مع أفعال يمكن أن تستغرق فترة طويلة  مثل
wait / do / study / live / work / stay / play / watch / sleep / paint / read / write / talk / run / walk / travel, ..etc:
I had been studying my lessons when suddenly I heard a loud noise.
He had been painting the wall when suddenly he fell off the ladder.
When I met him, he had been working for two hours.
They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.
What had he been doing when the accident happened?
He was tired because he had been working since dawn.
He was covered in paint. He had been painting the room since we left.
Our game of tennis was interrupted. We had been playing for an hour when it started to rain.

لاحظ أن هناك أفعال لا تستخدم في الأزمنة المستمرة عموما ومنها الماضي التام المستمر - راجع الوحدة الأولي
We were good friends. We had known each other for 10 years.
ومن الخطأ استخدام الماضي التام المستمر في الجملة السابقة
كما لا يستخدم الماضي التام المستمر مع الأفعال التي لا تستغرق عادة فترة طويلة في حدوثها مثل
break down / stop / close / open/ end / finish  وفي هذه الحالة نستخدم الماضي التام:
She was late for the meeting because her car had broken down.
إذا ذكرنا مرات حدوث الفعل لا يستخدم الماضي التام المستمر بل نستخدم الماضي التام:
When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports.