Grammar unit 9
Conditional If
1- Zero Conditional
If + present simple >>> present simple or request / order
2- First Conditional
If + present simple >>> will + inf.
3- Second Conditional
If + past simple >>> would + inf.
4- Third Conditional
If + past perfect >>> would have + pp.
1) First & Zero Conditionals
(See unit 6) تم شرحها فى الوحدة السادسة
2) Second Conditional
If + Past simple >>> would/could/might + inf.
تعبر الحالة الثانية عن موقف غير محتمل حدوثه أو شيء غير واقعى أو غير حقيقى
If I knew his e-mail address, I’d send him an e-mail .
If he studied hard , he would get high marks .
Examples :
I stay up late. I can’t get up early in the morning .
= If I didn't stay up late, I'd get up early in the morning .
He lives near me. . We see each other so often.
= If he didn't live near me, we wouldn't see each other so often.
يمكن أن تعبر الحالة الثانية أحيانا عن شيء مستحيل أو شيء غير واقعى أو حقيقى
If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering .
If I were a bird, I'd fly.
He doesn’t work harder, so he doesn't earn enough money.
= He would earn enough money if he worked harder.
= If he worked harder , He would earn enough money .
لاحظ أنه يمكن استخدام
was/were مع I/he/she/it
were مع ملاحظة أن
هي الأكثر استخداما وشيوعا ومع كل الضمائر الجمع والمفرد
If I was/were offered a ticket, I’d take it.
She isn’t a scientist. She can’t do experiments .
= If she was/were a scientist , she could do experiments .
لاحظ الأمثلة الآتية
If he didn't eat so much, he wouldn't often get sick.
= He eats too much, so he often gets sick.
= He often gets sick because he eats too much.
عندما تبدأ الجملة بـ
were يأتي بعدها to+inf.
If he knew the address, he would give it to me.
= Were he to know the address, he would give it to me.
If I were rich, I would help poor people.
= Were I rich, I would help poor people.
Conditional If
1- Zero Conditional
If + present simple >>> present simple or request / order
2- First Conditional
If + present simple >>> will + inf.
3- Second Conditional
If + past simple >>> would + inf.
4- Third Conditional
If + past perfect >>> would have + pp.
1) First & Zero Conditionals
(See unit 6) تم شرحها فى الوحدة السادسة
2) Second Conditional
If + Past simple >>> would/could/might + inf.
تعبر الحالة الثانية عن موقف غير محتمل حدوثه أو شيء غير واقعى أو غير حقيقى
If I knew his e-mail address, I’d send him an e-mail .
If he studied hard , he would get high marks .
Examples :
I stay up late. I can’t get up early in the morning .
= If I didn't stay up late, I'd get up early in the morning .
He lives near me. . We see each other so often.
= If he didn't live near me, we wouldn't see each other so often.
يمكن أن تعبر الحالة الثانية أحيانا عن شيء مستحيل أو شيء غير واقعى أو حقيقى
If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering .
If I were a bird, I'd fly.
He doesn’t work harder, so he doesn't earn enough money.
= He would earn enough money if he worked harder.
= If he worked harder , He would earn enough money .
لاحظ أنه يمكن استخدام
was/were مع I/he/she/it
were مع ملاحظة أن
هي الأكثر استخداما وشيوعا ومع كل الضمائر الجمع والمفرد
If I was/were offered a ticket, I’d take it.
She isn’t a scientist. She can’t do experiments .
= If she was/were a scientist , she could do experiments .
لاحظ الأمثلة الآتية
If he didn't eat so much, he wouldn't often get sick.
= He eats too much, so he often gets sick.
= He often gets sick because he eats too much.
عندما تبدأ الجملة بـ
were يأتي بعدها to+inf.
If he knew the address, he would give it to me.
= Were he to know the address, he would give it to me.
If I were rich, I would help poor people.
= Were I rich, I would help poor people.
بدلا من If ..not في الحالة الثانية نستخدم:
Without بدون
But for لولا + n. / v+ ing >>> would + inf.
If it weren’t for لو لم يكن بسبب
Without his encouragement, I would fail.
= If it weren’t for his encouragement, I would fail.
لاحظ صيغة السؤال
What would you do if you saw someone robbing your house?
تستخدم هذه الحالة للتعبير عن النصيحة
You should expand your business.
= If I were you, I’d expand my business.
should لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام
if في الحالة الأولى و الثانية بدلا من
Should + فاعل + inf.
If he takes more exercise, he may feel better.
= Should he take more exercise, he may feel better.
3) Third Conditional
If + Past perfect (had + PP.) >>> (would/could/might) have + PP.
تستخدم الحالة الثالثة في حالة وجود حدثين في الماضي البسيط ، ولا تنسى عكس الجملة في الإثبات والنفي
I didn't know you were in hospital. I didn't go to see you.
= If I had known you were in hospital, I'd have gone to see you.
لاحظ استخدام might في حالة وجود perhaps
• He had no friends. Perhaps that’s why he felt lonely.
If he had had friends, he might not have felt lonely.
الحالة الثالثة تعبر عن مواقف مستحيلة لأنها لم تحدث
• He didn't see me. He didn't say hello.
If he had seen me, he would have said hello.
يمكن أن تأتي Had بدلا من if
If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
= Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
يمكن أن تأتي if
في منتصف الجملة في جميع الحالات
He didn’t travel to New York, so he didn’t see the Statue of Liberty.
= He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York.
عند استخدام so أو because
نرجع الجملة إلى أصلها
If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her.
= He lied to her because he wasn’t honest.
= He wasn't honest, so he lied to her.
بدلا من If في الحالة الثالثة نستخدم
Without
But for + n. / v+ing >>> would have + PP.
If it hadn’t been for
Without his assistance, I would have lost my job. (If it…)
= If it hadn’t been for his assistance, I would have lost my job.
Without بدون
But for لولا + n. / v+ ing >>> would + inf.
If it weren’t for لو لم يكن بسبب
Without his encouragement, I would fail.
= If it weren’t for his encouragement, I would fail.
لاحظ صيغة السؤال
What would you do if you saw someone robbing your house?
تستخدم هذه الحالة للتعبير عن النصيحة
You should expand your business.
= If I were you, I’d expand my business.
should لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام
if في الحالة الأولى و الثانية بدلا من
Should + فاعل + inf.
If he takes more exercise, he may feel better.
= Should he take more exercise, he may feel better.
3) Third Conditional
If + Past perfect (had + PP.) >>> (would/could/might) have + PP.
تستخدم الحالة الثالثة في حالة وجود حدثين في الماضي البسيط ، ولا تنسى عكس الجملة في الإثبات والنفي
I didn't know you were in hospital. I didn't go to see you.
= If I had known you were in hospital, I'd have gone to see you.
لاحظ استخدام might في حالة وجود perhaps
• He had no friends. Perhaps that’s why he felt lonely.
If he had had friends, he might not have felt lonely.
الحالة الثالثة تعبر عن مواقف مستحيلة لأنها لم تحدث
• He didn't see me. He didn't say hello.
If he had seen me, he would have said hello.
يمكن أن تأتي Had بدلا من if
If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
= Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
يمكن أن تأتي if
في منتصف الجملة في جميع الحالات
He didn’t travel to New York, so he didn’t see the Statue of Liberty.
= He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York.
عند استخدام so أو because
نرجع الجملة إلى أصلها
If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her.
= He lied to her because he wasn’t honest.
= He wasn't honest, so he lied to her.
بدلا من If في الحالة الثالثة نستخدم
Without
But for + n. / v+ing >>> would have + PP.
If it hadn’t been for
Without his assistance, I would have lost my job. (If it…)
= If it hadn’t been for his assistance, I would have lost my job.
لاحظ استخدام in case of
بدلا من if
In case of + n. / (V+ing)
If he arrives tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
= In case of his arrival tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
= In case of his arriving tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
لاحظ أن unless
تنطبق عليها نفس حالات if
Unless = If…not
This food tastes bad. There is too much salt in it.
= If there wasn't / weren't too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
= Unless there was / were too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
He was careful. He didn't have an accident.
= If he hadn't been careful, he would have had an accident.
= Unless he had been careful, he would have had an accident.
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