Unit 6 - part two
Grammar
Zero & First Conditionals
1-First Conditional : ( probable )
If + Present simple will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
تستخدم الحالة الأولي في حالة عدم وجود مضارع بسيط و تجد في الجملة أفعال ناقصة مثل
may/must / will وهى تدل على إحتمالات الحدث
If I earn some money, I'll travel abroad.
If I have enough time, I'll buy a bike .
وقد تعبر هذه الحالة عن موقف ربما يكون حقيقي في المضارع
If you feel hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام فعل أمر أو طلب في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you see him , tell him about hte matter .
If it rains , we'll stay at home .
She must do the job well or she will be fired.
If she doesn't do the job well, she will be fired.
• تُستخدم unless : بدلا من IF ويأتي بعدها الفعل في صيغة الإثبات :
• Unless she takes a taxi, she won't be there in time.
= If she doesn't take a taxi, she won't be there in time.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام it is + adj. + to + inf. في الجزء الثاني من الجملة:
If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
if لاحظ صيغة السؤال مع
What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation ?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
في الحالة الأولي يمكنك إستخدام العبارات التالية بدلا من
if As long as = If
Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if
You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
يمكن استخدام in case of + v+ing بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي:
In case of studying hard, you'll pass the test.
يمكن استخدام Shouldبدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي:
Should you need anything else, please ring me.
= If you need anything else, please ring me.
Zero Conditional
•If + present simple ---------> present simple
تعبر هذه الحالة عن حقيقة أو عـادة ولاحظ أننا في هذه الحالة يمكن أن نستخدم
when بدلا من IF:
Zero & First Conditionals
1-First Conditional : ( probable )
If + Present simple will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
تستخدم الحالة الأولي في حالة عدم وجود مضارع بسيط و تجد في الجملة أفعال ناقصة مثل
may/must / will وهى تدل على إحتمالات الحدث
If I earn some money, I'll travel abroad.
If I have enough time, I'll buy a bike .
وقد تعبر هذه الحالة عن موقف ربما يكون حقيقي في المضارع
If you feel hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام فعل أمر أو طلب في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you see him , tell him about hte matter .
If it rains , we'll stay at home .
She must do the job well or she will be fired.
If she doesn't do the job well, she will be fired.
• تُستخدم unless : بدلا من IF ويأتي بعدها الفعل في صيغة الإثبات :
• Unless she takes a taxi, she won't be there in time.
= If she doesn't take a taxi, she won't be there in time.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام it is + adj. + to + inf. في الجزء الثاني من الجملة:
If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
if لاحظ صيغة السؤال مع
What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation ?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
في الحالة الأولي يمكنك إستخدام العبارات التالية بدلا من
if As long as = If
Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if
You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
يمكن استخدام in case of + v+ing بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي:
In case of studying hard, you'll pass the test.
يمكن استخدام Shouldبدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي:
Should you need anything else, please ring me.
= If you need anything else, please ring me.
Zero Conditional
•If + present simple ---------> present simple
تعبر هذه الحالة عن حقيقة أو عـادة ولاحظ أننا في هذه الحالة يمكن أن نستخدم
when بدلا من IF:
• If you heat ice, it melts. = When you heat ice, it melts.
• If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. = When a volcano ….
• If you water plants, they grow. = When you water ……
• If I have time, I usually walk to school. = When I have ….
Adjectives الصفات
• If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. = When a volcano ….
• If you water plants, they grow. = When you water ……
• If I have time, I usually walk to school. = When I have ….
Adjectives الصفات
Comparative adjectives : صفات المقارنة
•تستخدم الصفات عادة مع فعل
to be
وأفعال أخري مثل
look / seem / appear / taste / feel / sound / smell:
• It was cold. • She looks ill. • The food smells bad.
•نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة:
cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter
نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي ب y بعد تغيير y إلي i :
pretty prettier pricy pricier
•إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف متحرك يليه ساكن نضاعف الحرف الأخير
thin thinner fat fatter
الصفات التى تنتهى ب e
r نضيف فقط
Wide wider widest nice nicer nicest
•في حالة الصفات الطويلة نستخدم:
more / less …. than
more / less (interesting) than more / less (famous) than
•في حالة التساوي في الصفة نستخدم:
as + adj./adv. + as
•John is as rich as Peter
•في حالة النفي نستخدم:
not as / so + adj./ adv. + as
لاحظ أن
the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
Hassan isn’t as old as Peter.
Peter is older than Hassan
Hassan is younger than Peter.
Hassan isn't the same age as Peter.
I don’t know as many people as you do.
You know more people than I do.
I know fewer people than you do.
I don't know the same number of people as you do.
يمكن استخدام /slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far قبل صفات المقارنة:
The green shirt is a lot newer than the red one..
لاحظ أن صيغة المقارنة من ill هي worse والمقارنة من well هي better
She feels much better today. • He was so ill yesterday . He's even worse today
•تستخدم الصفات عادة مع فعل
to be
وأفعال أخري مثل
look / seem / appear / taste / feel / sound / smell:
• It was cold. • She looks ill. • The food smells bad.
•نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة:
cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter
نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي ب y بعد تغيير y إلي i :
pretty prettier pricy pricier
•إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف متحرك يليه ساكن نضاعف الحرف الأخير
thin thinner fat fatter
الصفات التى تنتهى ب e
r نضيف فقط
Wide wider widest nice nicer nicest
•في حالة الصفات الطويلة نستخدم:
more / less …. than
more / less (interesting) than more / less (famous) than
•في حالة التساوي في الصفة نستخدم:
as + adj./adv. + as
•John is as rich as Peter
•في حالة النفي نستخدم:
not as / so + adj./ adv. + as
لاحظ أن
the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
Hassan isn’t as old as Peter.
Peter is older than Hassan
Hassan is younger than Peter.
Hassan isn't the same age as Peter.
I don’t know as many people as you do.
You know more people than I do.
I know fewer people than you do.
I don't know the same number of people as you do.
يمكن استخدام /slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far قبل صفات المقارنة:
The green shirt is a lot newer than the red one..
لاحظ أن صيغة المقارنة من ill هي worse والمقارنة من well هي better
She feels much better today. • He was so ill yesterday . He's even worse today
Superlative adjectives: صفات التفضيل
في حالة الصفات القصيرة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the Adj.+ est
deep the deepest high the highest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the most / the least + adj.
interesting the most / the least interesting
Irregular adjectives : صفات شاذة
good better best bad worse worst
much more most many more most
far farther/further farthest / furthest
little less least
further = more Are there any further questions?
لاحظ استخدام التفضيل من الصفة مع الكلمات first / second / third,..etc
• Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
ولكن ليس مع الضمائر الشخصية
• It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.
• He is not as tall as his friend . = His friend is taller than him .
= He is not the same height as his friend.
لاحظ الاسم من الصفات الآتية
مهم جدا
long Length expensive price
wide width big size
old age far distance
deep depth high height
• Your house is as high as mine.
Your house is the same height as mine.
• The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt.
The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.
هذا التركيب اللغوى مهم جدا
the + adj.er the + adj.er كلما ---- كلما
the less/ more the less/ more
the more/ less the more/ less
the + adj.-er the + adj.-er
• If you study hard, you'll get high marks.
•The harder you study, the higher marks you will get.
• You eat a lot. You become fat.
The more you eat the fatter you become.
لاحظ استخدام المضارع التام بعد صفة التفضيل
• This is the loveliest card I’ve ever received.
لاحظ شكل الضمير بعد
than + me (I + v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
• He is taller than me/him/her.
But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.
•الصفة إما أن تسبق الاسم أو تلي بعض الأفعال مثلTo Be:
• The boy is clever. • He is a clever boy
تستعمل هذه الأفعال مع الصفات
be / seem / look / feel
afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive
•The boy was afraid. •She seems awake.
عامة الصفات المنتهية ب تستخدم مع الأشياء
excited amazed
والصفات المنتهية ب لوصف الأشخاص
exciting amazing
•Jane is bored because her job is boring.
•Tom is interested in the job. •Tom finds the job interesting.
ولكن لاحظ التالى
• He is a boring person. انه شخص ممــل
• She is bored. إنها تشعر بالملل
Exceptions إستثناءات
impressed متأثر impressive مبهر not impressig
delighted سعيد delightful مبهج not delighting
•She was delighted with the news.
•Thank you for this delightful evening.
يمكن استخدام صفتي مقارنة للدلالة علي التغير المستمر في شيء •
•ولاحظ أن الصفة بعد and تأخذ نفس شكل الصفة قبلها.
• It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
• It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
•يمكن استخدام to + inf. بعد الصفات التالية
happy / pleased/ disappointedخاب أمله /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised / sad / relieved يشعر براحة astonishedمندهش
I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill. • Tom was surprised to see me.
Language Functions:
Asking for Instructions Giving Instructions
How can I operate (this coffee machine)? First, switch it on, then press the red button
Can you show me how to (use this vacuum cleaner? First, connect it to the electricity supply. After that, press the red button.
How does (this machine) work? First …. / Then…./ Next…./ Finally….
Exercises on Grammar
Choose the correct answer:
1- If it (is – was – are – has been) a dry year, the rings of the tree are narrower.
2- If it (has rained – will rain – had rained – rains), our plants will grow well.
3- If the goats eat the bark on my trees, the trees (are dying – will die – might have died – will have died).
4- If people (don't get – won't get – haven't got – wouldn't get) enough food, they become ill.
5- If it goes on raining for much longer, the river (will flood – is flooding – has flooded – flood).
6- If the farmer's fields (got – are getting – get – will get) very dry this summer, he will irrigate them.
7- If you heat ice, it (is melting – melted – melts – would melt).
8- If there (is – has been – was – were) a sandstorm tonight, the town will be full of sand tomorrow.
9- If you mix yellow and blue, You (would get – are getting – get – may get) green.
10- If you (aren't watering – don't water – won't water – wouldn't water) these plants soon, they'll die.
11- If the wind is very strong, it (will blow – has blown – would blow – had blown) trees down.
12- If scientists study the rings of trees, they (found – would find – can find – have found) information about our climate in the past.
13- If there (wasn't – weren't – hadn't been – isn't) much rain in a year, the rings in a tree are close together.
14- If they extract a thin piece of wood from the tree, they (can calculate – would calculate – have calculated – might have calculated) its age without cutting it down.
15- If a tree (have – has had – is having – has) deep roots, it won't fall over in strong winds.
16- If the bark of a tree is destroyed, the tree (died – is dying – would die – dies).
17- If you (picked – will pick – have picked – pick) those apples now, they won't taste very sweet.
18- If you leave now, you (catch – will catch – would catch – must have caught) the train.
19- Water freezes if the temperature (is – was – has been – will be) zero or below.
20- If you (throw – threw – have thrown – had thrown) that stone, you'll break a window.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1. Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'd be late
2. It's raining hard. We get wet if we go out.
3. I would have been angry if it happens again.
4. We see the whole match if we leave now.
5. If she works hard, she earns more money.
6. Don't worry if I was late tonight.
7. If they didn't come soon, I'm not going to wait.
8. If she ran all the way, she'll get there in time.
9. If he will be sick, he had better go to bed.
10. The dog doesn't attack you if you sit quite still.
11. Unless you don't wear boots, you may get bitten by snakes.
12. He can stay with me provided he agreed to help with the housework.
13. If the bark of the tree was badly damaged, the tree dies.
14. You can see the rings if you are cutting the tree down.
15. If there was a lot of rain during the year, the rings are quite wide.
في حالة الصفات القصيرة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the Adj.+ est
deep the deepest high the highest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the most / the least + adj.
interesting the most / the least interesting
Irregular adjectives : صفات شاذة
good better best bad worse worst
much more most many more most
far farther/further farthest / furthest
little less least
further = more Are there any further questions?
لاحظ استخدام التفضيل من الصفة مع الكلمات first / second / third,..etc
• Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
ولكن ليس مع الضمائر الشخصية
• It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.
• He is not as tall as his friend . = His friend is taller than him .
= He is not the same height as his friend.
لاحظ الاسم من الصفات الآتية
مهم جدا
long Length expensive price
wide width big size
old age far distance
deep depth high height
• Your house is as high as mine.
Your house is the same height as mine.
• The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt.
The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.
هذا التركيب اللغوى مهم جدا
the + adj.er the + adj.er كلما ---- كلما
the less/ more the less/ more
the more/ less the more/ less
the + adj.-er the + adj.-er
• If you study hard, you'll get high marks.
•The harder you study, the higher marks you will get.
• You eat a lot. You become fat.
The more you eat the fatter you become.
لاحظ استخدام المضارع التام بعد صفة التفضيل
• This is the loveliest card I’ve ever received.
لاحظ شكل الضمير بعد
than + me (I + v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
• He is taller than me/him/her.
But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.
•الصفة إما أن تسبق الاسم أو تلي بعض الأفعال مثلTo Be:
• The boy is clever. • He is a clever boy
تستعمل هذه الأفعال مع الصفات
be / seem / look / feel
afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive
•The boy was afraid. •She seems awake.
عامة الصفات المنتهية ب تستخدم مع الأشياء
excited amazed
والصفات المنتهية ب لوصف الأشخاص
exciting amazing
•Jane is bored because her job is boring.
•Tom is interested in the job. •Tom finds the job interesting.
ولكن لاحظ التالى
• He is a boring person. انه شخص ممــل
• She is bored. إنها تشعر بالملل
Exceptions إستثناءات
impressed متأثر impressive مبهر not impressig
delighted سعيد delightful مبهج not delighting
•She was delighted with the news.
•Thank you for this delightful evening.
يمكن استخدام صفتي مقارنة للدلالة علي التغير المستمر في شيء •
•ولاحظ أن الصفة بعد and تأخذ نفس شكل الصفة قبلها.
• It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
• It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
•يمكن استخدام to + inf. بعد الصفات التالية
happy / pleased/ disappointedخاب أمله /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised / sad / relieved يشعر براحة astonishedمندهش
I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill. • Tom was surprised to see me.
Language Functions:
Asking for Instructions Giving Instructions
How can I operate (this coffee machine)? First, switch it on, then press the red button
Can you show me how to (use this vacuum cleaner? First, connect it to the electricity supply. After that, press the red button.
How does (this machine) work? First …. / Then…./ Next…./ Finally….
Exercises on Grammar
Choose the correct answer:
1- If it (is – was – are – has been) a dry year, the rings of the tree are narrower.
2- If it (has rained – will rain – had rained – rains), our plants will grow well.
3- If the goats eat the bark on my trees, the trees (are dying – will die – might have died – will have died).
4- If people (don't get – won't get – haven't got – wouldn't get) enough food, they become ill.
5- If it goes on raining for much longer, the river (will flood – is flooding – has flooded – flood).
6- If the farmer's fields (got – are getting – get – will get) very dry this summer, he will irrigate them.
7- If you heat ice, it (is melting – melted – melts – would melt).
8- If there (is – has been – was – were) a sandstorm tonight, the town will be full of sand tomorrow.
9- If you mix yellow and blue, You (would get – are getting – get – may get) green.
10- If you (aren't watering – don't water – won't water – wouldn't water) these plants soon, they'll die.
11- If the wind is very strong, it (will blow – has blown – would blow – had blown) trees down.
12- If scientists study the rings of trees, they (found – would find – can find – have found) information about our climate in the past.
13- If there (wasn't – weren't – hadn't been – isn't) much rain in a year, the rings in a tree are close together.
14- If they extract a thin piece of wood from the tree, they (can calculate – would calculate – have calculated – might have calculated) its age without cutting it down.
15- If a tree (have – has had – is having – has) deep roots, it won't fall over in strong winds.
16- If the bark of a tree is destroyed, the tree (died – is dying – would die – dies).
17- If you (picked – will pick – have picked – pick) those apples now, they won't taste very sweet.
18- If you leave now, you (catch – will catch – would catch – must have caught) the train.
19- Water freezes if the temperature (is – was – has been – will be) zero or below.
20- If you (throw – threw – have thrown – had thrown) that stone, you'll break a window.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1. Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'd be late
2. It's raining hard. We get wet if we go out.
3. I would have been angry if it happens again.
4. We see the whole match if we leave now.
5. If she works hard, she earns more money.
6. Don't worry if I was late tonight.
7. If they didn't come soon, I'm not going to wait.
8. If she ran all the way, she'll get there in time.
9. If he will be sick, he had better go to bed.
10. The dog doesn't attack you if you sit quite still.
11. Unless you don't wear boots, you may get bitten by snakes.
12. He can stay with me provided he agreed to help with the housework.
13. If the bark of the tree was badly damaged, the tree dies.
14. You can see the rings if you are cutting the tree down.
15. If there was a lot of rain during the year, the rings are quite wide.
0 التعليقات:
إرسال تعليق