Grammar unit 18
Modal Verbs
تستخدم should / ought to / had better + inf. عادة للتعبير عن النصيحة
should = ought to = had better = If I were you, I'd…
= It’s a good idea to….
= It’s advisable to….= It’s desirable to…+ inf.
You should look for a new job.
= It is a good idea to look for a new job.
You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
تستخدم should have + PP.
للتعبير عن أن شيء كان يجب أن يحدث في الماضي ولم يتم ونستخدمه عادة عندما نوجه اللوم لشخص لعدم قيامه بعمل معين
You should have done your homework yesterday.
You shouldn't have parked your car here. It's a 'No Parking' area.
تستخدم can
للتعبير عن القدرة علي عمل شيء في المضارع
Can = be able to + inf. = be capable of + V. + ing = have the ability to + inf.
I can do this job very well.
= I have the ability to do this job very well.
= I am capable of doing this job very well.
= I am able to do this job very well.
تستخدم can / can't
للتعبير عن أن شيء مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في المضارع
In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.
(It is permitted by the law مسموح به قانونا)
In some cities, people can't use their cars every day.
(It is against the law. ضد القانون)
You can't park here. = You mustn't park here.
تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن الاحتمال Possibility في المضارع
Surgeons can replace the heart.
(This is possible.)
We could ban cars from cities.
(This would be possible if we wanted it.)
He can't be Egyptian – he doesn't speak Arabic.
(This is not possible)
تستخدم could / couldn't ( للتعبير عن القدرة علي عمل شيء في الماضي (مثل السباحة وركوب الدراجات ، مثلا
I could swim at the age of six.
I couldn't ride a bicycle until the age of nine.
ولكن عند الحديث عن قدرة محددة علي عمل شيء في الماضي وكان غالبا من الصعب القيام به نستخدم
was / were able to
managed to + inf. = succeeded in + V. + ing
I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics managed to repair it.
I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at 6 p.m.
It was raining and there were no taxis. At last, we were able to arrive home.
تستخدم could / couldn't
للتعبير عن أن شيء كان مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في الماضي
In the past, people could drive a car without passing a driving test.
In the past women couldn't vote in elections. التصويت في الانتخابات
تستخدم could / can في حالة الطلب والاقتراح
What shall we do tonight? – We can / could go to the cinema.
Can / Could you open that door, please ?
تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المستقبل
You can / could borrow my car tomorrow.
Can / Could I use your office tomorrow?
يُفضل استخدام could مع الأفعال التي تدل علي الشعور والتفكير
He could remember nothing after the accident.
When he was far from home, he could only think of his son.
وتستخدم could عادة مع الكلمات hardly – almost في الماضي
وتستخدم في المضارع can
He could hardly breathe because of the smoke.
He almost couldn't see in the dark.
لاحظ استخدام could بعد I wonder if ..
I wonder if you could help me with this bag.
يمكن أيضا أن تستخدم
may
للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المضارع أو المستقبل وهي صيغة رسمية أكثر تهذبا
May I use your phone, please?
You may borrow my camera tomorrow, if you like.
يمكن استخدام طرق أخري للتعبير عن السماح أو عدم السماح بشيء كما يلي
Be allowed to + inf. = Be permitted to + inf. مسموح له
Be prohibited from + ing ممنوع من .
You are allowed to park here.
You are permitted to use this fax machine.
Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.
Must = it is necessary to ...
تستخدم Must
للتعبير عن إحساس قوي بضرورة عمل شيء من وجهة نظر المتكلم أو للتعبير عن أن شيء مهم بالنسبة لنا
You must visit my grandparents more often. (It's important to me that I do.)
Must you wear that yellow tie? (Is it important to you that you do it? This also suggests that it bothers يضايق me.)
تستخدم Must
للتعبير عن نصيحة قوية وفي الأوامر كما تستخدم في القوانين والقواعد وعندما نذكر أنفسنا بضرورة عمل شيء
You mustn't be late or dad will be angry. (strong advice)
You must clean your room before you go out with your friends. (an order)
Drivers and passengers of motorcycles must wear helmets. (a law)
تستخدم Must
في حالة توجيه دعوة أو التعبير عن مشاعر صادقة
You must come and see us at the weekend.
You must try a piece of my cake.
تستخدم Must
في الاستنتاج أو التعبير عن نتيجة منطقية
Dad must have left already. I don't see his car.
راجع استخدام الأفعال الناقصة في الاستنتاج في الوحدة السابعة
لاحظ استخدام Must
للتعبير عن الضرورة في المضارع والمستقبل فقط
I must go now. I must see my doctor tomorrow.
تستخدم have to / have got to / Need to
للتعبير عن إلزام مفروض علينا وليس أمامنا اختيار بسبب القواعد والقوانين أو الظروف
Have to / Have got to / Need to = It is necessary to...
If she wants to start her course this year, she has to apply before the end of March.
Do you have to wear that yellow tie to work? (Is it part of your uniform?)
We have to wear helmets if we are going to take the motorcycle. (The law says so.)
He needs to be busy all the time or his boss will be angry.
We need to revise for next week's exam.
يمكن استخدام have to
في النصيحة و الأوامر
You have to apologize to Mona. You don't want to lose her as a friend. (advice)
You can't go out. You have to clean your room first. (an order)
في حالة التعبير عن الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم
must / have to / will have to
I have to get up early tomorrow.
I'll have to send the fax tomorrow.
للتعبير عن الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم
had to
had to = It was necessary to ..
We had to take a taxi as it was raining heavily.
يمكن استخدام
have to ( في الأزمنة المختلفة (ما عدا الأزمنة المستمرة
I had to work six days a week. = It was necessary for me to work six days a week.
My flight is at six in the morning. I'll have to get up early.
Have you ever had to go to hospital?
في حالة التعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المضارع يمكن استخدام ما يلي
Don't have to / don't need to / needn't = It isn't necessary to…
When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early.
She doesn't have to work on Saturday.
للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم
won't have to = won't need to = It won't be necessary to …
I won't have to clean the room tomorrow. Mother will do it.
للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم
didn't have to = didn't need to = It wasn't necessary to:
I didn't have to do the shopping yesterday. My brother did it.
استخدام didn't have to + inf.
يدل علي حدث لم يتم في الماضي لكونه غير ضروري
I didn't have to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday.
استخدام needn't have + PP.
يدل علي حدث تم في الماضي على الرغم من كونه غير ضروري
You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain.
لاحظ الفرق بين استخدام
need to كفعل ناقص
need كفعل أساسى
This job needs computer skills.
I need to finish the job early. = I must finish it early.
تستخدم Must
في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد وتأتي في بداية السؤال
Must he send the e-mail now?
في حالة استخدام
have to / need to في السؤال نستخدم معهما فعل مساعد
do/does/did
Do you have to do the job now?
Does she need to go now?
Did she have to borrow that money?
تستخدم have got to
في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد
Have you got to be at the office every day?
Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself?
تستخدم Mustn't Must not
للتعبير عن أن شيء ممنوع أو غير مسموح به أو تترتب عليه نتيجة سيئة إذا قمنا به
Mustn't = (be) not allowed = (be) not permitted to = (be) banned from =
(be) prohibited from = (be) forbidden to
You mustn't smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't allowed to smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't permitted to smoke in hospitals.
= you are forbidden to smoke in hospitals.
=You are banned from smoking in hospitals.
=You are prohibited from smoking in hospitals.
ويمكن أن تبدأ الجمل بالشيء الغير مسموح به
Smoking is not allowed in hospitals.
Parking is forbidden here.
be to + inf.
يستخدم هذا التركيب للتعبير عن خطط وترتيبات (وخاصة الرسمية) كما يستخدم في الأوامر
The President is to visit Italy next month..
Mona and Ali are to get married in June.
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
I had instructions that I was to leave the door unlocked when I came home.
Modal Verbs
تستخدم should / ought to / had better + inf. عادة للتعبير عن النصيحة
should = ought to = had better = If I were you, I'd…
= It’s a good idea to….
= It’s advisable to….= It’s desirable to…+ inf.
You should look for a new job.
= It is a good idea to look for a new job.
You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
تستخدم should have + PP.
للتعبير عن أن شيء كان يجب أن يحدث في الماضي ولم يتم ونستخدمه عادة عندما نوجه اللوم لشخص لعدم قيامه بعمل معين
You should have done your homework yesterday.
You shouldn't have parked your car here. It's a 'No Parking' area.
تستخدم can
للتعبير عن القدرة علي عمل شيء في المضارع
Can = be able to + inf. = be capable of + V. + ing = have the ability to + inf.
I can do this job very well.
= I have the ability to do this job very well.
= I am capable of doing this job very well.
= I am able to do this job very well.
تستخدم can / can't
للتعبير عن أن شيء مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في المضارع
In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.
(It is permitted by the law مسموح به قانونا)
In some cities, people can't use their cars every day.
(It is against the law. ضد القانون)
You can't park here. = You mustn't park here.
تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن الاحتمال Possibility في المضارع
Surgeons can replace the heart.
(This is possible.)
We could ban cars from cities.
(This would be possible if we wanted it.)
He can't be Egyptian – he doesn't speak Arabic.
(This is not possible)
تستخدم could / couldn't ( للتعبير عن القدرة علي عمل شيء في الماضي (مثل السباحة وركوب الدراجات ، مثلا
I could swim at the age of six.
I couldn't ride a bicycle until the age of nine.
ولكن عند الحديث عن قدرة محددة علي عمل شيء في الماضي وكان غالبا من الصعب القيام به نستخدم
was / were able to
managed to + inf. = succeeded in + V. + ing
I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics managed to repair it.
I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at 6 p.m.
It was raining and there were no taxis. At last, we were able to arrive home.
تستخدم could / couldn't
للتعبير عن أن شيء كان مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في الماضي
In the past, people could drive a car without passing a driving test.
In the past women couldn't vote in elections. التصويت في الانتخابات
تستخدم could / can في حالة الطلب والاقتراح
What shall we do tonight? – We can / could go to the cinema.
Can / Could you open that door, please ?
تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المستقبل
You can / could borrow my car tomorrow.
Can / Could I use your office tomorrow?
يُفضل استخدام could مع الأفعال التي تدل علي الشعور والتفكير
He could remember nothing after the accident.
When he was far from home, he could only think of his son.
وتستخدم could عادة مع الكلمات hardly – almost في الماضي
وتستخدم في المضارع can
He could hardly breathe because of the smoke.
He almost couldn't see in the dark.
لاحظ استخدام could بعد I wonder if ..
I wonder if you could help me with this bag.
يمكن أيضا أن تستخدم
may
للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المضارع أو المستقبل وهي صيغة رسمية أكثر تهذبا
May I use your phone, please?
You may borrow my camera tomorrow, if you like.
يمكن استخدام طرق أخري للتعبير عن السماح أو عدم السماح بشيء كما يلي
Be allowed to + inf. = Be permitted to + inf. مسموح له
Be prohibited from + ing ممنوع من .
You are allowed to park here.
You are permitted to use this fax machine.
Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.
Must = it is necessary to ...
تستخدم Must
للتعبير عن إحساس قوي بضرورة عمل شيء من وجهة نظر المتكلم أو للتعبير عن أن شيء مهم بالنسبة لنا
You must visit my grandparents more often. (It's important to me that I do.)
Must you wear that yellow tie? (Is it important to you that you do it? This also suggests that it bothers يضايق me.)
تستخدم Must
للتعبير عن نصيحة قوية وفي الأوامر كما تستخدم في القوانين والقواعد وعندما نذكر أنفسنا بضرورة عمل شيء
You mustn't be late or dad will be angry. (strong advice)
You must clean your room before you go out with your friends. (an order)
Drivers and passengers of motorcycles must wear helmets. (a law)
تستخدم Must
في حالة توجيه دعوة أو التعبير عن مشاعر صادقة
You must come and see us at the weekend.
You must try a piece of my cake.
تستخدم Must
في الاستنتاج أو التعبير عن نتيجة منطقية
Dad must have left already. I don't see his car.
راجع استخدام الأفعال الناقصة في الاستنتاج في الوحدة السابعة
لاحظ استخدام Must
للتعبير عن الضرورة في المضارع والمستقبل فقط
I must go now. I must see my doctor tomorrow.
تستخدم have to / have got to / Need to
للتعبير عن إلزام مفروض علينا وليس أمامنا اختيار بسبب القواعد والقوانين أو الظروف
Have to / Have got to / Need to = It is necessary to...
If she wants to start her course this year, she has to apply before the end of March.
Do you have to wear that yellow tie to work? (Is it part of your uniform?)
We have to wear helmets if we are going to take the motorcycle. (The law says so.)
He needs to be busy all the time or his boss will be angry.
We need to revise for next week's exam.
يمكن استخدام have to
في النصيحة و الأوامر
You have to apologize to Mona. You don't want to lose her as a friend. (advice)
You can't go out. You have to clean your room first. (an order)
في حالة التعبير عن الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم
must / have to / will have to
I have to get up early tomorrow.
I'll have to send the fax tomorrow.
للتعبير عن الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم
had to
had to = It was necessary to ..
We had to take a taxi as it was raining heavily.
يمكن استخدام
have to ( في الأزمنة المختلفة (ما عدا الأزمنة المستمرة
I had to work six days a week. = It was necessary for me to work six days a week.
My flight is at six in the morning. I'll have to get up early.
Have you ever had to go to hospital?
في حالة التعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المضارع يمكن استخدام ما يلي
Don't have to / don't need to / needn't = It isn't necessary to…
When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early.
She doesn't have to work on Saturday.
للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم
won't have to = won't need to = It won't be necessary to …
I won't have to clean the room tomorrow. Mother will do it.
للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم
didn't have to = didn't need to = It wasn't necessary to:
I didn't have to do the shopping yesterday. My brother did it.
استخدام didn't have to + inf.
يدل علي حدث لم يتم في الماضي لكونه غير ضروري
I didn't have to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday.
استخدام needn't have + PP.
يدل علي حدث تم في الماضي على الرغم من كونه غير ضروري
You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain.
لاحظ الفرق بين استخدام
need to كفعل ناقص
need كفعل أساسى
This job needs computer skills.
I need to finish the job early. = I must finish it early.
تستخدم Must
في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد وتأتي في بداية السؤال
Must he send the e-mail now?
في حالة استخدام
have to / need to في السؤال نستخدم معهما فعل مساعد
do/does/did
Do you have to do the job now?
Does she need to go now?
Did she have to borrow that money?
تستخدم have got to
في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد
Have you got to be at the office every day?
Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself?
تستخدم Mustn't Must not
للتعبير عن أن شيء ممنوع أو غير مسموح به أو تترتب عليه نتيجة سيئة إذا قمنا به
Mustn't = (be) not allowed = (be) not permitted to = (be) banned from =
(be) prohibited from = (be) forbidden to
You mustn't smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't allowed to smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't permitted to smoke in hospitals.
= you are forbidden to smoke in hospitals.
=You are banned from smoking in hospitals.
=You are prohibited from smoking in hospitals.
ويمكن أن تبدأ الجمل بالشيء الغير مسموح به
Smoking is not allowed in hospitals.
Parking is forbidden here.
be to + inf.
يستخدم هذا التركيب للتعبير عن خطط وترتيبات (وخاصة الرسمية) كما يستخدم في الأوامر
The President is to visit Italy next month..
Mona and Ali are to get married in June.
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
I had instructions that I was to leave the door unlocked when I came home.
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