Grammar unit 14
Conjunctions الروابط
and
We went shopping. We visited some friends.
We went shopping and visited some friends.
Besides + v-ing بالإضافة إلى
Besides going shopping, we visited some friends.
In addition to + v- ing بالإضافة إلي
In addition to going shopping, we visited some friends.
In addition + بالإضافة إلى جملة
We went shopping. In addition, we visited some friends.
as well as + V-ing بالإضافة إلي
As well as going shopping, we visited some friends.
لاحظ أن الفاعل الجملتين واحد
as well as إذا إستخدمت
في ربط جملتين يختلف فيهما الفاعل فان الفعل يتبع الفاعل الأول
I am very keen on politics. My brother is very keen on politics.
I as well as my brother am very keen on politics.
My brother as well as I is very keen on politics.
not only …….. but also ليس فقط .. ولكن أيضا
not only ….. but …… as well ليس فقط .. ولكن ... أيضا
We not only went shopping, but we also visited some friends.
We not only went shopping, but we visited some friends as well.
Conjunctions الروابط
and
We went shopping. We visited some friends.
We went shopping and visited some friends.
Besides + v-ing بالإضافة إلى
Besides going shopping, we visited some friends.
In addition to + v- ing بالإضافة إلي
In addition to going shopping, we visited some friends.
In addition + بالإضافة إلى جملة
We went shopping. In addition, we visited some friends.
as well as + V-ing بالإضافة إلي
As well as going shopping, we visited some friends.
لاحظ أن الفاعل الجملتين واحد
as well as إذا إستخدمت
في ربط جملتين يختلف فيهما الفاعل فان الفعل يتبع الفاعل الأول
I am very keen on politics. My brother is very keen on politics.
I as well as my brother am very keen on politics.
My brother as well as I is very keen on politics.
not only …….. but also ليس فقط .. ولكن أيضا
not only ….. but …… as well ليس فقط .. ولكن ... أيضا
We not only went shopping, but we also visited some friends.
We not only went shopping, but we visited some friends as well.
إذا بدأت الجملة Not only
يستخدم بعدها صيغة سؤال
Not only did we go shopping, but we also visited some friends.
الروابط الدالة على السبب
because , as , since + sentence جملة
because of , owing to , due to , as a result of , thanks to + adj. +n. , noun , v-ing إسم
We didn't enjoy the day because the weather was awful.
= We didn't enjoy the day because of the awful weather.
The documents have been lost as you are careless.
=Thanks to your carelessness, the documents have been lost
The increase in street crime made many old people afraid to leave their homes.
= As a result of the increase in street crime, many old people are afraid to leave their homes.
The project will not continue next year since there is a lack of funds.
= The project will not continue next year owing to a lack of funds.
I decided to go with them because I had nothing better to do.
= I decided to go with them through / owing to having nothing better to do.
ويمكن استخدام التركيب التالي أيضا للتعبير عن السبب
The reason + جملة is / was that + جملة
The reason we didn't consider her for the job was that she didn't have enough experience.
= We didn't consider her for the job because she didn't have enough experience.
Many exam candidates lose marks because they do not read the questions properly.
= Many exam candidates lose marks because of not reading the questions properly
He didn’t go out because he was ill.
= Being ill, he didn’t go out.
للتعبير عن النتيجة نستخدم
so لذلك / that's why / therefore / consequently / thus / for this reason + sentence
Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. It would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
= Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, so it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well.
The machine is very old; therefore I don't expect it to work very well.
الروابط الدالة علي التناقض
although/though / even though بالرغم من + sentence
She was in poor health. She continued to carry out her duties.
Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.
in spite of , despite بالرغم من + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.
Although the car's old, it still runs well.
= In spite of being old, the car still runs well.
There has been international pressure. Progress has slowed in the peace talks.
= Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.
In spite of the fact that + sentence
Despite the fact that + sentence
Although she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
= Despite joining the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
= Despite the fact that she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
as بمعني "بالرغم من" يكون ترتيب الجملة كالتالي
Adj + as + فاعل + فعل
Though it may seem strange, I like housework.
Strange as it may seem, I like housework.
though تستخدم بنفس الطريقة السابقة
But / However / Yet
They rushed to the hospital. They were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital; yet, they were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital. However, they were too late.
He is young. He is strong.
= He is young, but he is strong.
= He is young. However, he is strong.
However فى بداية الجملة يتبعها الصفة ثم الفاعل ثم الفعل
He studied hard. He got low marks.
= However hard he studied, he got low marks. = Although he studied hard, he got low marks.
While + past continuous >>> past simple
I bought a magazine while I was waiting for the train.
to be بعد while في الماضي
I read the book while I was on the plane.
My car was stolen while I was on holiday.
في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد الكلمات الآتية يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ving
While / after / before
They were killed while they were attempting to reach the summit.
= They were killed while attempting to reach the summit.
After they had signed the papers, they left the office.
= After signing the papers, they left the office.
Before he got the licence, he had passed the test.
= Before getting the licence, he had passed the test.
When + فاعل + فعل = On + V+ing
When he left university, he got a job as a scientist.
= On leaving university, he got a job as a scientist.
يستخدم بعدها صيغة سؤال
Not only did we go shopping, but we also visited some friends.
الروابط الدالة على السبب
because , as , since + sentence جملة
because of , owing to , due to , as a result of , thanks to + adj. +n. , noun , v-ing إسم
We didn't enjoy the day because the weather was awful.
= We didn't enjoy the day because of the awful weather.
The documents have been lost as you are careless.
=Thanks to your carelessness, the documents have been lost
The increase in street crime made many old people afraid to leave their homes.
= As a result of the increase in street crime, many old people are afraid to leave their homes.
The project will not continue next year since there is a lack of funds.
= The project will not continue next year owing to a lack of funds.
I decided to go with them because I had nothing better to do.
= I decided to go with them through / owing to having nothing better to do.
ويمكن استخدام التركيب التالي أيضا للتعبير عن السبب
The reason + جملة is / was that + جملة
The reason we didn't consider her for the job was that she didn't have enough experience.
= We didn't consider her for the job because she didn't have enough experience.
Many exam candidates lose marks because they do not read the questions properly.
= Many exam candidates lose marks because of not reading the questions properly
He didn’t go out because he was ill.
= Being ill, he didn’t go out.
للتعبير عن النتيجة نستخدم
so لذلك / that's why / therefore / consequently / thus / for this reason + sentence
Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. It would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
= Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, so it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well.
The machine is very old; therefore I don't expect it to work very well.
الروابط الدالة علي التناقض
although/though / even though بالرغم من + sentence
She was in poor health. She continued to carry out her duties.
Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.
in spite of , despite بالرغم من + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.
Although the car's old, it still runs well.
= In spite of being old, the car still runs well.
There has been international pressure. Progress has slowed in the peace talks.
= Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.
In spite of the fact that + sentence
Despite the fact that + sentence
Although she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
= Despite joining the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
= Despite the fact that she joined the company only a year ago, she's already been promoted twice.
as بمعني "بالرغم من" يكون ترتيب الجملة كالتالي
Adj + as + فاعل + فعل
Though it may seem strange, I like housework.
Strange as it may seem, I like housework.
though تستخدم بنفس الطريقة السابقة
But / However / Yet
They rushed to the hospital. They were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital; yet, they were too late.
= They rushed to the hospital. However, they were too late.
He is young. He is strong.
= He is young, but he is strong.
= He is young. However, he is strong.
However فى بداية الجملة يتبعها الصفة ثم الفاعل ثم الفعل
He studied hard. He got low marks.
= However hard he studied, he got low marks. = Although he studied hard, he got low marks.
While + past continuous >>> past simple
I bought a magazine while I was waiting for the train.
to be بعد while في الماضي
I read the book while I was on the plane.
My car was stolen while I was on holiday.
في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد الكلمات الآتية يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ving
While / after / before
They were killed while they were attempting to reach the summit.
= They were killed while attempting to reach the summit.
After they had signed the papers, they left the office.
= After signing the papers, they left the office.
Before he got the licence, he had passed the test.
= Before getting the licence, he had passed the test.
When + فاعل + فعل = On + V+ing
When he left university, he got a job as a scientist.
= On leaving university, he got a job as a scientist.
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