Grammar unit 6
Zero & First Conditionals
1-First Conditional : ( probable )
If + Present simple >>> will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
وهى تدل على إحتمالات الحدث
If I earn some money, I'll travel abroad.
If I have enough time, I'll buy a bike .
وقد تعبر هذه الحالة عن موقف ربما يكون حقيقي في المضارع
If you feel hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
If it rains , we'll stay at home
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام فعل أمر أو طلب في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you see him , tell him about hte matter .
لاحظ التالى
She must do the job well or she will be fired.
If she doesn't do the job well, she will be fired.
نستخدم unless بدلا من IF
ويأتي بعدها الفعل في صيغة الإثبات
Unless she takes a taxi, she won't be there in time.
= If she doesn't take a taxi, she won't be there in time.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام
it is + adj. + to + inf. في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
if لاحظ صيغة السؤال مع
What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation ?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
في الحالة الأولي يمكنك إستخدام العبارات التالية بدلا من
As long as = If
Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if
You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
يمكن استخدام in case of + v+ing
بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي
In case of studying hard, you'll pass the test.
= If you study hard, you'll pass the test.
يمكن استخدام Should
بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي
Should you need anything else, please ring me.
= If you need anything else, please ring me.
Zero Conditional
If + present simple >>> present simple
تعبر هذه الحالة عن حقيقة أو عـادة ولاحظ أننا في هذه الحالة يمكن أن نستخدم وهى تماثل
when
If you heat ice, it melts. = When you heat ice, it melts.
If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. = When a volcano ….
If you water plants, they grow. = When you water ……
If I have time, I usually walk to school. = When I have ….
Adjectives الصفات
Comparative adjectives صفات المقارنة
تستخدم الصفات عادة مع
v. to be , am , is , are , was , were , been
وأيضا مع أفعال أخري مثل
look / seem / appear / taste / feel / sound / smell
It was cold. She looks ill. The food smells bad.
نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة
cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter
في حالة الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي ب
y بعد تغيير y إلي i نضيف er
pretty prettier pricy pricier
إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف متحرك يليه ساكن نضاعف الحرف الأخير
thin thinner fat fatter
الصفات التى تنتهى ب e
r نضيف فقط
Wide wider widest nice nicer nicest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة نستخدم
more / less …. than
more / less (interesting) than more / less (famous) than
في حالة التساوي في الصفة نستخدم
as + adj./adv. + as
John is as rich as Peter
في حالة النفي نستخدم
not as / so + adj./ adv. + as
لاحظ أن
the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
Hassan isn't the same age as Peter.
= Hassan isn’t as old as Peter.
= Peter is older than Hassan
= Hassan is younger than Peter.
لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة
I don’t know as many people as you do.
You know more people than I do.
I know fewer people than you do.
I don't know the same number of people as you do.
يمكن استخدام /slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far قبل صفات المقارنة
The green shirt is a lot newer than the red one..
لاحظ أن صيغة المقارنة من ill هي worse والمقارنة من well هي better
She feels much better today. • He was so ill yesterday . He's even worse today
Superlative adjectives صفات التفضيل
في حالة الصفات القصيرة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the Adj.+ est
deep the deepest high the highest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the most / the least + adj.
interesting the most / the least interesting
Irregular adjectives صفات شاذة
good better best bad worse worst
much more most many more most
far farther/further farthest / furthest
little less least
further = more Are there any further questions?
لاحظ استخدام التفضيل من الصفة مع الكلمات first / second / third,..etc
Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
ولكن ليس مع الضمائر الشخصية
It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.
He is not as tall as his friend . = His friend is taller than him .
= He is not the same height as his friend.
لاحظ الاسم من الصفات الآتية
long Length expensive price
wide width big size
old age far distance
deep depth high height
Your house is as high as mine.
Your house is the same height as mine.
The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt.
The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.
هذا التركيب اللغوى مهم جدا
the + adj.er the + adj.er كلما كلما
the less/ more the less/ more
the more/ less the more/ less
the + adj.-er the + adj.-er
If you study hard, you'll get high marks.
The harder you study, the higher marks you will get.
You eat a lot. You become fat.
The more you eat the fatter you become.
لاحظ استخدام المضارع التام بعد صفة التفضيل
This is the loveliest card I’ve ever received.
لاحظ شكل الضمير بعد
than + me (I + v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
He is taller than me/him/her.
But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.
الصفة إما أن تسبق الاسم أو تلي بعض الأفعال مثلTo Be:
The boy is clever. • He is a clever boy
تستعمل هذه الأفعال مع الصفات
be / seem / look / feel
afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive
The boy was afraid. She seems awake.
عامة الصفات المنتهية ب ed تستخدم مع الأشياء
excited amazed
والصفات المنتهية ب ing لوصف الأشخاص
exciting amazing
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.
ولكن لاحظ التالى
He is a boring person. انه شخص ممل
She is bored. إنها تشعر بالملل
Exceptions إستثناءات
impressed متأثر impressive مبهر not impressig
delighted سعيد delightful مبهج not delighting
She was delighted with the news.
Thank you for this delightful evening.
يمكن استخدام صفتي مقارنة للدلالة علي التغير المستمر في شيء ولاحظ أن الصفة بعد
and
تأخذ نفس شكل الصفة قبلها
It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
يمكن استخدام to + inf. بعد الصفات التالية
happy / pleased/ disappointedخاب أمله /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised / sad / relieved يشعر براحة astonishedمندهش
I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill. Tom was surprised to see me.
1-First Conditional : ( probable )
If + Present simple >>> will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
وهى تدل على إحتمالات الحدث
If I earn some money, I'll travel abroad.
If I have enough time, I'll buy a bike .
وقد تعبر هذه الحالة عن موقف ربما يكون حقيقي في المضارع
If you feel hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
If it rains , we'll stay at home
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام فعل أمر أو طلب في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you see him , tell him about hte matter .
لاحظ التالى
She must do the job well or she will be fired.
If she doesn't do the job well, she will be fired.
نستخدم unless بدلا من IF
ويأتي بعدها الفعل في صيغة الإثبات
Unless she takes a taxi, she won't be there in time.
= If she doesn't take a taxi, she won't be there in time.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام
it is + adj. + to + inf. في الجزء الثاني من الجملة
If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
if لاحظ صيغة السؤال مع
What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation ?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
في الحالة الأولي يمكنك إستخدام العبارات التالية بدلا من
As long as = If
Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if
You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
يمكن استخدام in case of + v+ing
بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي
In case of studying hard, you'll pass the test.
= If you study hard, you'll pass the test.
يمكن استخدام Should
بدلا من IF في الحالة الأولي
Should you need anything else, please ring me.
= If you need anything else, please ring me.
Zero Conditional
If + present simple >>> present simple
تعبر هذه الحالة عن حقيقة أو عـادة ولاحظ أننا في هذه الحالة يمكن أن نستخدم وهى تماثل
when
If you heat ice, it melts. = When you heat ice, it melts.
If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. = When a volcano ….
If you water plants, they grow. = When you water ……
If I have time, I usually walk to school. = When I have ….
Adjectives الصفات
Comparative adjectives صفات المقارنة
تستخدم الصفات عادة مع
v. to be , am , is , are , was , were , been
وأيضا مع أفعال أخري مثل
look / seem / appear / taste / feel / sound / smell
It was cold. She looks ill. The food smells bad.
نضيف er في حالة الصفات القصيرة
cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter
في حالة الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي ب
y بعد تغيير y إلي i نضيف er
pretty prettier pricy pricier
إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف متحرك يليه ساكن نضاعف الحرف الأخير
thin thinner fat fatter
الصفات التى تنتهى ب e
r نضيف فقط
Wide wider widest nice nicer nicest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة نستخدم
more / less …. than
more / less (interesting) than more / less (famous) than
في حالة التساوي في الصفة نستخدم
as + adj./adv. + as
John is as rich as Peter
في حالة النفي نستخدم
not as / so + adj./ adv. + as
لاحظ أن
the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
Hassan isn't the same age as Peter.
= Hassan isn’t as old as Peter.
= Peter is older than Hassan
= Hassan is younger than Peter.
لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة
I don’t know as many people as you do.
You know more people than I do.
I know fewer people than you do.
I don't know the same number of people as you do.
يمكن استخدام /slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far قبل صفات المقارنة
The green shirt is a lot newer than the red one..
لاحظ أن صيغة المقارنة من ill هي worse والمقارنة من well هي better
She feels much better today. • He was so ill yesterday . He's even worse today
Superlative adjectives صفات التفضيل
في حالة الصفات القصيرة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the Adj.+ est
deep the deepest high the highest
في حالة الصفات الطويلة تتكون صيغة التفضيل من
the most / the least + adj.
interesting the most / the least interesting
Irregular adjectives صفات شاذة
good better best bad worse worst
much more most many more most
far farther/further farthest / furthest
little less least
further = more Are there any further questions?
لاحظ استخدام التفضيل من الصفة مع الكلمات first / second / third,..etc
Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
ولكن ليس مع الضمائر الشخصية
It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.
He is not as tall as his friend . = His friend is taller than him .
= He is not the same height as his friend.
لاحظ الاسم من الصفات الآتية
long Length expensive price
wide width big size
old age far distance
deep depth high height
Your house is as high as mine.
Your house is the same height as mine.
The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt.
The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.
هذا التركيب اللغوى مهم جدا
the + adj.er the + adj.er كلما كلما
the less/ more the less/ more
the more/ less the more/ less
the + adj.-er the + adj.-er
If you study hard, you'll get high marks.
The harder you study, the higher marks you will get.
You eat a lot. You become fat.
The more you eat the fatter you become.
لاحظ استخدام المضارع التام بعد صفة التفضيل
This is the loveliest card I’ve ever received.
لاحظ شكل الضمير بعد
than + me (I + v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
He is taller than me/him/her.
But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.
الصفة إما أن تسبق الاسم أو تلي بعض الأفعال مثلTo Be:
The boy is clever. • He is a clever boy
تستعمل هذه الأفعال مع الصفات
be / seem / look / feel
afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive
The boy was afraid. She seems awake.
عامة الصفات المنتهية ب ed تستخدم مع الأشياء
excited amazed
والصفات المنتهية ب ing لوصف الأشخاص
exciting amazing
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.
ولكن لاحظ التالى
He is a boring person. انه شخص ممل
She is bored. إنها تشعر بالملل
Exceptions إستثناءات
impressed متأثر impressive مبهر not impressig
delighted سعيد delightful مبهج not delighting
She was delighted with the news.
Thank you for this delightful evening.
يمكن استخدام صفتي مقارنة للدلالة علي التغير المستمر في شيء ولاحظ أن الصفة بعد
and
تأخذ نفس شكل الصفة قبلها
It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
يمكن استخدام to + inf. بعد الصفات التالية
happy / pleased/ disappointedخاب أمله /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised / sad / relieved يشعر براحة astonishedمندهش
I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill. Tom was surprised to see me.
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