Grammar unit 4
Past Tenses: Active & Passive
(1) Past Simple Tense
يستخدم الماضي البسيط
1- للتعبير عن حدث انتهي في وقت معين في الماضي
I visited my aunt last week. The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.
2- للتعبيرعن عادة في الماضي
When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every day.
يستخدم غالبا مع هذه الكلمات
last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago) / in 2000 " any year " / in the past
How much bread did you buy yesterday? في حالة السؤال
I didn’t know him then. في حالة النفي
used to + inf. إعتاد أن تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن عادة فى الماضي
I used to play tennis, but now I play football.
وفي حالة النفي
didn't use to + inf. He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does. وفي حالة السؤال
did + فاعل + use to + inf. ..? Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?
أما إذا كانت عادة فى الحاضر ومازالت تحدث
am / is / are used to + -ing
He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning.
= He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.
وفي حالة السؤال
am / Is / Are + فاعل + used to + v-ing. ..?
Is she used to living on her own?
He is used to the cold weather. يمكن إستحدام إسم أو ضمير
no longer and any longer / any more
لاحظ الجمل التالية
He used to stay up late. = He no longer stays up late.
He used to live here. = He doesn’t live here any more.
لاحظ أيضا
in the habit of + ing
He is used to borrowing money from others. =
He is in the habit of borrowing money from others.
She used to sleep in class. =
She was in the habit of sleeping in class.
الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
was / were + PP
He wrote the letter a few days ago. ( active )
The letter was written a few days ago. ( passive )
Past Continuous Tense الماضي المستمر
was / were + v-ing يتكون من
يستخدم الماضي المستمر
1- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى وقت معين في الماضي
Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.
2- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي عندما قطعه حدث آخر
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل
while / when / as / just as
While ( As ) I was reading , the light went out .
When the light went out , I was reading .
while مع الماضى المستمر مثل when يمكن إستخدام
While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.
ويأتى بعدها أيضا ماضي بسيط
We were doing the homework when the storm started.
while يمكن أن يكون الحدثين في الماضي المستمرمع
While I was studying, my father was reading.
يمكن استخدام on بدلا من when و يأتي يعدها v+ ing
When he arrived , he found the door locked. = On arriving, he found the door locked.
يمكن استخدام during بدلا من while و يأتي يعدها noun / V+ ing
While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)
During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game.
بعد and
يأخذ الفعل نفس شكل وتصريف الفعل السابق له
He was writing a letter and listening to some music.
She has finished work and gone home.
الماضي المستمر في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
was / were being + PP
He was writing the letter. The letter was being written.
The Present Perfect Tense
يتكون المضارع التام من
Have / Has + PP.
He has just bought a new car.
يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن:
1- حدث تم في الماضي ولا يزال له تأثير في الحاضر :
My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus.
2- حدث تم في الماضي و ما زال مستمر في الحاضر :
I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.
?يستخدم المضـارع التام مع كلمات مثـل :
already / just / ever / never / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now / yet
و يستخدم إذا بدأت الجملة بمـا يلـي
It’s/This is the first (second…) time..
It’s(This) is the only… In the last few years/months In recent years
over the ages / over the years / over the centuries علي مر العصور/ السنين/القرون
It’s the first time I have been to this place.
This is the only play I have seen.
Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.
لاحظ أن ever/never/just/ already تأتي بين have/has والتصريف الثالث PP
I have just written the letter.
يمكن أن تأتى already في نهاية الجملة
Twenty million people have seen the film already.
لاحظ استخدام ever في السؤال never في الإجابة :
Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I have never travelled by plane.
Just = a short time ago/ a minute ago/ a moment ago
They left the building a minute ago. (just) = They have just left the building.
لاحظ استخدام since / for
Since + بداية الحدث
أمثلة
Since last week / last summer / 1999 أى سنة / five o’clock أى ساعة / October أى شهر / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday أى يوم / breakfast
For + فترة زمنية
أمثلة
For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time
I haven’t cleaned the house for a week.
نستخدم المضارع التام في حــالة وجـود فعـل واحــد مع
since
وقى حالة وجود حدثين يأتى بعدها ماضى بسيط ثم مضارع تام
I haven’t seen her since she graduated.
لاحظ مايلى
Last / The last time / ago + past simple
عند استخدام since / for
بدلا من الكلمات السابقة نستخدم مضارع تام منفى
I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo. = I haven’t had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.
The last time I met Jennie was in 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie since 2000. = I haven’t met Jennie for 10 years.
The last time I played chess was eight years ago.
= I haven’t played chess since 2012. = I haven’t played chess for eight years.
في حالة استخدام ago بدلا من for نستخدم started to / began to + inf.
He has learnt English for six years. = He began / started to learn English six years ago.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام since بدلا من for
نستخدم التركيب الآتي
It’s / It's been + فترة زمنية + since + فاعل + last + ماضي بسيط
He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time. = It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام ever بدلا من never
نستخدم صيغة تفضيل
I have never done such a tiring job. = This is the most tiring job I have ever done.
لاحظ أنه عند استخدام never بدلا من ever
نستخدم such (a/an) adj. + n.
This is the worst luck I have ever had. = I have never had such bad luck.
لاحظ استخدام yet
في الجملة المنفيــة
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
في حالة استخدام yet بدلا من still
نستخدم مضارع تام منفى بدلا من المضارع المستمر
He is still writing the report. = He hasn’t finished writing the report yet.
المضارع التام في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
Have been / has been + PP
He has written the letter. The letter has been written.
Past Perfect
يتكون الماضي التام من had + PP.
ويستخدم ليدل علي حدث وقع قبل آخر في الماضي ويستخدم عادة مع الروابط الآتية
After / When / As soon as / + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
ماضي بسيط غالبا منفي till / until ماضي تام
Before / By the time + ماضي تام ماضي بسيط
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.
As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.
I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.
Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.
By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.
I had already done the homework before I went out.
تذكر أن after , before بدون فاعل
يتبعها ving After doing the shopping...... , Before cleaning the room......
• الماضي التام في المبني للمجهول :
had been + PP
He had written the letter. The letter had been written.
Past Tenses: Active & Passive
(1) Past Simple Tense
يستخدم الماضي البسيط
1- للتعبير عن حدث انتهي في وقت معين في الماضي
I visited my aunt last week. The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.
2- للتعبيرعن عادة في الماضي
When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every day.
يستخدم غالبا مع هذه الكلمات
last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago) / in 2000 " any year " / in the past
How much bread did you buy yesterday? في حالة السؤال
I didn’t know him then. في حالة النفي
used to + inf. إعتاد أن تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبيرعن عادة فى الماضي
I used to play tennis, but now I play football.
وفي حالة النفي
didn't use to + inf. He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does. وفي حالة السؤال
did + فاعل + use to + inf. ..? Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?
أما إذا كانت عادة فى الحاضر ومازالت تحدث
am / is / are used to + -ing
He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning.
= He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.
وفي حالة السؤال
am / Is / Are + فاعل + used to + v-ing. ..?
Is she used to living on her own?
He is used to the cold weather. يمكن إستحدام إسم أو ضمير
no longer and any longer / any more
لاحظ الجمل التالية
He used to stay up late. = He no longer stays up late.
He used to live here. = He doesn’t live here any more.
لاحظ أيضا
in the habit of + ing
He is used to borrowing money from others. =
He is in the habit of borrowing money from others.
She used to sleep in class. =
She was in the habit of sleeping in class.
الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
was / were + PP
He wrote the letter a few days ago. ( active )
The letter was written a few days ago. ( passive )
Past Continuous Tense الماضي المستمر
was / were + v-ing يتكون من
يستخدم الماضي المستمر
1- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى وقت معين في الماضي
Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.
2- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا في الماضي عندما قطعه حدث آخر
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل
while / when / as / just as
While ( As ) I was reading , the light went out .
When the light went out , I was reading .
while مع الماضى المستمر مثل when يمكن إستخدام
While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.
ويأتى بعدها أيضا ماضي بسيط
We were doing the homework when the storm started.
while يمكن أن يكون الحدثين في الماضي المستمرمع
While I was studying, my father was reading.
يمكن استخدام on بدلا من when و يأتي يعدها v+ ing
When he arrived , he found the door locked. = On arriving, he found the door locked.
يمكن استخدام during بدلا من while و يأتي يعدها noun / V+ ing
While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)
During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game.
بعد and
يأخذ الفعل نفس شكل وتصريف الفعل السابق له
He was writing a letter and listening to some music.
She has finished work and gone home.
الماضي المستمر في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
was / were being + PP
He was writing the letter. The letter was being written.
The Present Perfect Tense
يتكون المضارع التام من
Have / Has + PP.
He has just bought a new car.
يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن:
1- حدث تم في الماضي ولا يزال له تأثير في الحاضر :
My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus.
2- حدث تم في الماضي و ما زال مستمر في الحاضر :
I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.
?يستخدم المضـارع التام مع كلمات مثـل :
already / just / ever / never / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now / yet
و يستخدم إذا بدأت الجملة بمـا يلـي
It’s/This is the first (second…) time..
It’s(This) is the only… In the last few years/months In recent years
over the ages / over the years / over the centuries علي مر العصور/ السنين/القرون
It’s the first time I have been to this place.
This is the only play I have seen.
Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.
لاحظ أن ever/never/just/ already تأتي بين have/has والتصريف الثالث PP
I have just written the letter.
يمكن أن تأتى already في نهاية الجملة
Twenty million people have seen the film already.
لاحظ استخدام ever في السؤال never في الإجابة :
Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I have never travelled by plane.
Just = a short time ago/ a minute ago/ a moment ago
They left the building a minute ago. (just) = They have just left the building.
لاحظ استخدام since / for
Since + بداية الحدث
أمثلة
Since last week / last summer / 1999 أى سنة / five o’clock أى ساعة / October أى شهر / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday أى يوم / breakfast
For + فترة زمنية
أمثلة
For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time
I haven’t cleaned the house for a week.
نستخدم المضارع التام في حــالة وجـود فعـل واحــد مع
since
وقى حالة وجود حدثين يأتى بعدها ماضى بسيط ثم مضارع تام
I haven’t seen her since she graduated.
لاحظ مايلى
Last / The last time / ago + past simple
عند استخدام since / for
بدلا من الكلمات السابقة نستخدم مضارع تام منفى
I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo. = I haven’t had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.
The last time I met Jennie was in 2000.
= I haven’t met Jennie since 2000. = I haven’t met Jennie for 10 years.
The last time I played chess was eight years ago.
= I haven’t played chess since 2012. = I haven’t played chess for eight years.
في حالة استخدام ago بدلا من for نستخدم started to / began to + inf.
He has learnt English for six years. = He began / started to learn English six years ago.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام since بدلا من for
نستخدم التركيب الآتي
It’s / It's been + فترة زمنية + since + فاعل + last + ماضي بسيط
He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time. = It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.
لاحظ انه عند استخدام ever بدلا من never
نستخدم صيغة تفضيل
I have never done such a tiring job. = This is the most tiring job I have ever done.
لاحظ أنه عند استخدام never بدلا من ever
نستخدم such (a/an) adj. + n.
This is the worst luck I have ever had. = I have never had such bad luck.
لاحظ استخدام yet
في الجملة المنفيــة
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
في حالة استخدام yet بدلا من still
نستخدم مضارع تام منفى بدلا من المضارع المستمر
He is still writing the report. = He hasn’t finished writing the report yet.
المضارع التام في المبني للمجهول ( passive )
Have been / has been + PP
He has written the letter. The letter has been written.
Past Perfect
يتكون الماضي التام من had + PP.
ويستخدم ليدل علي حدث وقع قبل آخر في الماضي ويستخدم عادة مع الروابط الآتية
After / When / As soon as / + ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
ماضي بسيط غالبا منفي till / until ماضي تام
Before / By the time + ماضي تام ماضي بسيط
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.
As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.
I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.
Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.
By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.
I had already done the homework before I went out.
تذكر أن after , before بدون فاعل
يتبعها ving After doing the shopping...... , Before cleaning the room......
• الماضي التام في المبني للمجهول :
had been + PP
He had written the letter. The letter had been written.
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