Unit 7 Building and engineering - 1 -

Unit 7    Building and engineering

Vocabulary:
rays    أشعة            unthinkable   غير وارد التفكير فيه / مستحيل
commuter    شخص يسافر الي ومن العمل        diameter        قُطر
engineering     الهندسة / هندسي        investment   الاستثمار
massive    هائل / ضخم            base        قاعدة  
carve        ينحت        cliff         الجُرف / منحدر صخري شاهق 
illuminate        يضيء / ينير        monument     أثر
(be) positioned    يوضع في مكان معين    raise         يرفع / يربى
tunnel        نفق        underground     مترو الأنفاق
regularly        بانتظام        tunneling    شق الأنفاق
drilling machine    ماكينة الحفر        engineering project    مشروع هندسي
invest        يستثمر        investor    مستثمر
deduce        يستنتج        deduction    استنتاج
storm        عاصفة        temple    معبد
structure        بناء        the rising sun    الشمس المشرقة
the Nile Valley    وادي النيل        flood    فيضان / يفيض
statue        تمثال        weigh    يَزن
weight        وزن / ثُقل        concrete    خرسانة
combination    خليط / مزيج        attack    هجوم / يهاجم
attempt        يحاول / محاولة    tonne    طن
empero    r    امبراطور        empire    إمبراطورية
the Great wall of China  سور الصين العظيم    eventually    أخيرا / في نهاية المطاف
iron bridge    جسر حديدي        design bridges    يصمم الجسور أوالكباري
shut        يُغلق        pharaoh    فرعون
pharaonic        فرعوني        steel    الصلب
palace        قصر        plan    خطة
plain    واضح / سهل / ارض منبسطة    obstacle    عقبة
phenomenon    ظاهرة        phenomena    ظواهر
privatization    الخصخصة        creativity    الخلق والابتكار
steep        شديد الانحدار        lift    يرفع
settlements    مستوطنات / قري صغيرة    natural disasters    كوارث طبيعية
historical buildings    مباني تاريخية        maintain    يصون / يحافظ علي
the Suez Canal    قناة السويس        the Indian Ocean    المحيط الهندي
the Mediterranean Sea   البحر المتوسط    surely    بالتأكيد
spectacular views    منظر رائعة        cable car    عربة قطار هوائية)   
work manually    يعمل بطريقة يدوية    slaves    عبيد
convince = persuadeيُقنع        agricultural    زراعي   
commercial    تجاري        industrial    صناعي   
unemployment    البطالة        slogan    شعار   
prosperity    الازدهار / الرخاء الاقتصادي        capital    رأس المال    welfare    رفاهية  / صالح
sculpture        تمثال        sculptor    نحات / مَثَال

Prepositions and Expression:  حروف الجر والتعبيرات
get to        يصل إلي        be proud of    فخور بـ
take pride in    يفخر بـ        be made out of    مصنوع من
cut into rock    يحفر في الصخر    be attached to    متصل بـ
reach a length of    يصل طوله الي    ride on a horse    يركب حصان
light up    ينير / يضيء            force … to    يجبر .. علي
attractive to    جذاب لـ        divide .. into    يُقسم إلي

a journey on the underground    رحلة بالمترو
connect .. with    يوصل .. بـ               
in the same position    في نفس المكان أو الموقع
cut into pieces    يقطع إلي قطع صغيرة   
save them a lot of money    يوفر لهم كثير من المال   
with a diameter of    بقطر يبلغ
cut into a particular shape    يقطع في شكل معين   
provide water for agriculture    يوفر الماء للزراعة   
accessible to    متاح لـ    related to    مرتبط بـ
keep the attackers out    يُبعد المهاجمين       

Language Notes:  ملاحظات لغوية
commute from .. to ..  / commute between .. and …    يسافر يوميا الي مكان العمل ومنه   
commute   يُخفف العقوبة
travel   يسافر أو السفر عموما

 Remind someone to do something / Remind someone of something يذكر شخص بشيء
  Remember  = يتذكر         remember about يتذكر عن
   I can’t remember her name.يتذكر    
 Please, remind me to bring my camera.
   He reminded me of my promise.    • Remember me to your family. بلغ تحياتي إلى الأسرة   
Compare ..to  يُشبه شيء بآخر     
    Poets often compare sleep to death.
Compare ..with   يقارن شيء بشيء آخر من نفس النوع
    The police compared the suspect's fingerprints with those found at the crime scene.
Compared to/with   بالمقارنة بـ
    Compared to our small flat, Bill's house seemed like a palace.

in comparison (with/to something)
    In comparison to/with other video games, this one isn't very exciting.

excuse= forgive someone for doing something    يعذر
    I'll excuse you this time, but don't be late again.        • Please excuse my bad handwriting.
    Please excuse me for being so late today.
تستخدم excuse me في عدة حالات:
1-عندما نريد أن نوجه سؤالا الي شخص:
    Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the museum, please?   
2-عندما نخبر شخص أننا نريد مغادرة مكان:

    Excuse me a moment. I'll be right back.
3-عندما لا نتفق مع شخص بطريقة مهذبة:
    Excuse me, but I don't think that's the right answer.

لاحظ استخدام الاسم بعد حرف الجر in   فيما يلي
    3 metres in height        5 inches in length        5 centimetres in depth

وفي حالة عدم وجود حرف جر نستخدم الصفة
    3 metres high        5 inches long        5 centimetres deep
لا نستخدم the عند استخدام الصفات من الأسماء الدالة علي الاتجاهات 
وهذه الصفات هي northern/ southern / western / eastern
    Alexandria is located in northern Egypt. = in the north of Egypt
لاحظ الاختصارات الآتية :
BCE = Before the Christian Era = BC (Before Christ)  قبل العصر المسيحي (قبل الميلاد)   
CE =Common Era / the Christian Era = AD (Anno Domini) بعد الميلاد   

Ever + PP.  = that have (has) ever been + PP
    The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built.
      = It is the longest structure that has ever been built.
    It's the largest picture ever painted.
      = It is the largest picture that has ever been painted.

Words often confused:      صعاب خاصة 
lose (v)    يفقد / يضيع / يخسر
loss    فقدان / خسارة
loose    غير محكم / غير مثبت جيدا / مفكوك
illuminate   يضيء / ينير                     •eliminate   يمحو / يزيل / يستبعد / يهزم
The streets were illuminated with coloured lights.
Our team was eliminated in the first round.
We should try to eliminate illiteracy in Egypt.

Size   حجم             Diameter   قُطر
   • I was amazed at the size of their garden.
   • The diameter of the Earth is about 13,000 km.

Know = have information about something   يعرف
    There are instructions telling you everything you need to know.
    I have known him for years.
recognize    يتعرف علي / يعترف بـ (رسمياً)
   I didn't recognize you in your uniform.
    British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada.

 Listen to   يستمع أو يصغي بانتباه          Hear  يسمع بدون قصد
    He listened to the news on the radio.
    She heard some noise outside.
    Raise your voice, please. I can't hear you.

 Cost   يكلف          Pay  يدفع              Charge  يفرض أو يطلب ثمنا
 How much does a house like that cost in America?
 Can I pay by credit card?
 The restaurant charged us 40 pounds for the meal.

 historic   هام من الناحية التاريخية    
 historical  هام من الناحية التاريخية / مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ
Historic / historical monuments     آثار تاريخية
Historical research   أبحاث في التاريخ

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

Choose the correct answers :
1- The factory plans to (resist – arrest - invest – detest) in new computers.
2- The rock was cut (into – with – of – at) a rectangular shape.
3- The quickest way to get to the city centre is to (come – do – travel – take) an underground train.
4- Some people (communicate - commute – complain – compete) long distances while others work close to home.
5- A journey on the underground (costs – pays – gives – makes) one pound.
6- People can (keep – waste – save – develop) money by travelling on the underground.
7- The ancient temple's (massive – active – alive – alternative) stone pillars had begun to crumble ينهار.
8- The first line of the Paris Metro system (started – opened – destroyed – made) in 1900.
9- My father studied (engineer – engineers – engineered – engineering) at university and has designed many important bridges.
10- Education is a/an (investment – wish – desire - demand) in the future of a country and its young people.
11- Nearly four million (competitors – commuters – contractors – conductors) travel to and from London every day.
12- The Great Wall of China was a/an (investment – conservative – contemporary – massive) project which took hundreds of years to complete.
13- That tunnel has a (size – diameter – weight – price) of 7 metres.
14- The height of the (street – stiff – staff – cliff) is 25 metres.
15- The artist (harvested - carved – curved – starved) the sculpture from a massive piece of stone.
16- At night, bright lights always (illuminate – eliminate – contaminate – originate) the front of the palace.
17- If you want to ask the teacher a question, you should (rise – arouse – rise – raise) your hand.
18- The Sphinx is (postponed – possessed – preceded – positioned) near the Pyramids at Giza.
19- The statue of the pharaoh is a famous ancient (moment – memory – monument – mount).
20- The statue is built on a hard (basic – base – case – brass) made of concrete.
21- The (width – breadth – length – wealth) of the Great Wall of China is 6,400 kilometres.
22- The Great Pyramid is about 150 metres (height – weight – high – low).
23- A (minute – monument – moment – cement) is a large structure that is built to remind us of an important event or a famous person.
24- A cliff means high (racket – pocket – rock – stick).
25- To (carve – crave – achieve - activate) means to cut stone or wood into a particular shape.
26- To (bright – sight – fight – illuminate) is to make light shine on something.
27- To (erase – chase – raise – praise) is to move something to a higher position.
28- Many years ago, enemies were (attracting – attacking – attempting – attending) the rich towns of northern China.
29- Building the Aswan High Dam meant that the Nile Valley would be (fed – fled – flooded – defeated).
30- The massive statues were cut into pieces which (weighed – laid – paid – waited) over 30 tonnes each.
31- (Continually – Individually – Manually – Eventually), the wall reached a length of 6,400 km.
32-  The work began in 220 BCE and (started – continued – opened – offered) for hundreds of years.
33- It was (unattainable – uncontrollable - unthinkable - uncountable) that Egypt should lose one of its most important monuments.
34-Today, the temples are an amazing (coronation – combination – communication – connection) of ancient and modern engineering.
35- Plans were (done – taken – made – given) to rescue the temples.
36- The work took more than 3 years (to complete –complete – completed – completing).
37- The government is trying to (attack – attend – attract – attain) more tourists to Egypt.
38- He walked fast because he didn't want to (lose – miss – loose – loss) the bus.
39- This is the greatest monument ever (discovery – discover – discovered – discovering).
40- The government should provide more money (with – for – at – on) education.

Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1- A transporter is someone who travels a long distance to work every day..
2- He infected his life savings in his daughter’s business.   
3- The explosion made a passive hole in the ground.
4-The funnel goes under the Nile.
5- A strong economy depends on a healthy manufacturing basic.
6- The statue was possessed at the entrance of the castle.
7- The government has made a plan to rise taxes.
8- It was unthinking that she could be dead.
9- The earth is discriminated by the sun.
10- Keep away from the edge of the stiff - you might fall.
11- Egypt has many amazed works of engineering.
12- There are a lot of history monuments in Egypt.
13- The street is 50 metres length.
14- We should stop people pollute the environment.
15- The Great Wall of China was built to keep the attackers of.