Grammar Unit 2 - The Prisoner of Zenda

Grammar Unit 2 - The Prisoner of Zenda

Grammar and Language Functions

 A- Grammar

Subject-Verb agreement توافق الفاعل والفعل
Special Cases حالات خاصة
   
Countable nouns: الأسماء القابلة للعد لها مفرد ولها جمع ويسبق الإسم المفرد منها
a , an , one , the

This is a good play .
I want a / one pen , please .
The place I visited last week was very interesting .

Uncountable noun: الأسماء الغير القابلة للعد لها مفرد فقط وليس لها جمع

subjects  المواد الدراسية       
Science , Arabic , English , Maths

meals  الوجبات       
breakfast , lunch , dinner , supper

games/sports  ألعاب ورياضة   
tennis , football , golf , chess , squash

foods/drinks  أطعمة وشراب   
meat , rice , milk , coffee , flour

liquids  سوائل       
water , oil , petroleum

gases  غازات       
oxygen , air , carbon dioxide

nationalities/ languagesجنسيات ولغات    
Arabic , French , Russian , Greek

بعض الأسماء تستخدم كأسماء معدودة ولها جمع ومفرد وكأسماء غير معدودة مفرد فقط
countable                 uncountable
an orange  برتقالة        orange  اللون البرتقالى
a glass  كوب               glass     الزجاج
a paper  ورقة , جريدة    paper  الورق كمادة
an iron  مكواة              iron  الحديد
a coffee  فنجان قهوة     coffee  القهوة , البن
a chicken    دجاجة      chicken  لحم الدجاج
a hair  شعرة                hairالشعر
a school  مدرسة         school  دراسة

I learned at a school in Cairo.
We began school at five.
What did the paper say today?
Bools are made of paper.
I want a glass of water.
It is made of glass.

Abstract Nouns:  الأسماء المعنوية وهى أيضا تُعامل معاملة المفرد 

bravery  الشجاعة         news  أخبار 
honesty  الأمانة          harm    ضرر
tolerance  التسامح      equipment    معدات
forgiveness  العفو     information  معلومات
conceit  الغرور          pollution  تلوث
advice  نصيحة            transport  النقل
jewellery  مجوهرات   weather  الطقس
furniture  أثاث           accommodation    محل الإقامة
clothing  ملبس           machinery    آلات

Articles , words and phrases used with countable nouns and uncountable nouns
أدوات وكلمات وعبارات تستخدم مع الأسماء القابلة للعد والغير قابلة للعد كما مبين

countable nouns                 uncountable nouns
girl / girls - child/children    money , advice , news
a / an                                     ………………
the                                        the
one , two , three etc.           ………………
some , any , no , enough    some , any , no , enough
many                                    much
a lot of , lots of                   a lot of , lots of
How many                           How much

We have got a lot of books / money.  تستخدم مع المفرد والجمع
This luggage is too heavy to carry.
Your advice was very useful.

Collective nouns:   الأسماء التى تشير إلى مجموعات  
يمكن إستخدام الفعل فى حالة المفرد أو فى حالة الجمع مع معظم الأسماء التى تشير إلى مجموعات
as a whole group  إذا كانت تشير إلى وحدة كاملة نضع الفعل فى المفرد
as members of a group  إذا كانت تشير إلى المجموعة كأفراد نضع الفعل فى الجمع

army    جيش                team    فريق
group  مجموعة             union    إتحاد
navy    أسطول              staff    فريق العمل
population    السكان    crowd  حشد / جمهور
university    جامعة      gang   عصاية
family  عائلة                crew    طاقم سفينة / طائرة
couple  زوجان            company    شركة / صحبة

My family lives in Alexandria .    My family is a big one .  الأسرة كلها كوحدة
My family do / have different jobs .   الأسرة كأفراد مختلفين

Our army is strong .    الجيش كقوة عسكرية
Our army are brave .    الجيش كأفراد

Plural nouns   أسماء تستخدم دائما فى الجمع

the police    الشرطة    people  الناس      clothes  ملابس
people  شعب    peoples     جمعها شعوب

duration    عند إستخدام كلمات فى الجمع تدل على فترة زمنية
money    أو مقدار من المال    
distance    أو مسافة
نستخدم بعدها الفعل فى حالة المفرد لأنها كلمات جمع تدل على وحدة واحدة سواء فى الزمن أو المال أو المسافة
three minutes / hours / weeks is a short / long time
Five hundred pounds was all I earned during that week .

لاحظ الفرق فى إستخدام
few , a few , little , a little

التعريف بالإنجليزية لاحظ
few = not many , not enough = a small number , hardly any  عدد قليل و لا يكفى
a few = not many, but enough = some , a small number of   عدد قليل و يكفى

There are a few cakes left over from the party.
Very few people can afford to pay those prices.

little: not much , not enough =  hardly any   كمية قليلة و لا تكفى
a little: not much but enough = some, a small amount of something  كمية قليلة و تكفى

This sauce needs a little salt.
They have very little money.

school
كلمة بمعني المكان الذي يتعلم فيه الطلاب لا تُعد أما إذا قصدنا المدرسة كمبني فهي تُعد

She drives the kids to school every morning.
They're building a new school in the village.

Choose the correct answer:
1- How (much-many-long-little) people are there in the team?
2- How many seconds (is-are-have-would) there in an hour?
3- Ten kilometres (have-been-is-are) a long way to run.
4- Would you like (some-much-a-any) cup of tea?
5- There is (hairs-some hair-a hair-any hair) in my soup.
6- What’s wrong with you? Have you got (a-an-any-a few) cold?
7- Do you collect (a-an-some-any) stamps?
8- It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in (a-an-the-some) garden.
9- I’m going to buy (some-a-an-many) bread.
10- Can I have (an-some-many-one) milk in my coffee, please?
11- You need (much-many-a lot of-a few) money to travel around the world.
12- He asked the electrician to fit (light-a light-some light-much light).
13- Let’s go and have a coffee. We have (a few-many-a lot-a little) time before the train leaves.
14- Athletics (am-were-is-are) my favourite sport.
15- How (many-much-a lot-a lot of) coffee did you drink? - Two cups.
16- How (many-lots of-much-a lot of) baggage do you have?
17- (Many-Little-Much-Few) pupils came to the class today because it was raining heavily.
18- The news of the plane crash in Italy (was-were-are-have been) frustrating.
19- She asked for (a-an-any-some) information about guided tours outside Cairo.
20- How (many-much-long-far) money do you need to buy a car?
21- I have (a lot of-many-a few-few) paper in my bag.
22- Most of the information (was-are-were-have been) useless.
23- He hasn’t got (some-much-many-a lot) luggage.
24- I haven’t made (any-some-no-much) mistakes in the exercise.
25- Oh! That’s (not enough-too little-too much-little) rice! I don’t want to put on more weight.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- Five litres of petrol are enough for me to get to work.
2- How much coffees have you drunk today?
3- Do we have a rice left?
4- How many money do you need for your holiday?
5- Fifty degrees are a very high temperature
6- Athletics were my father's favourite sport.
7- The team usually plays very well.
8- Two hours are a long time to wait.
9- The people in our group was watching the film.
10- Hurry! There is not many time left.
11- Three one-pound coins is on the table.
12- The police is going to get new uniforms.
13- Would you like apple?
14- She drinks much tea.
15- I don’t know much people in this town.

Language Functions

Showing surprise or interest
التعبير عن الدهشة أو الاهتمام

Expressing surprise
التعبير عن الدهشة
Good heavens!  أمر مدهش
Is that right?   أحقا كذلك       
How amazing!  كم هو مدهش
That’s very interesting  انه أمر مثير
That’s unbelievable!   انه أمر لا يصدق
Really?  أحقا كذلك

Expressing interest
التعبير عن الاهتمام
Really? I didn’t know that.   أحقا كذلك؟ لا أعرف ذلك
How interesting   ياله من أمر مثير     


Respond to the following situation:
1- Your friend tells you that he is going to travel to space.
2- Someone tells you that he has won two Olympic gold medals. You are very surprised.
3- Your mother tells you that the prices of food will go down. You are interested.
4- Your sister tells you that the sun is millions of miles away from the Earth. Express how you feel about this.
5- Your mother tells you that the prices of food will go down. You are interested.