Unit 10 - Science & scientists

Unit 10 - Science & scientists

Vocabulary
achieve    يُحقق                              cancer    السرطان      
cure    علاج / يعالج                          diabetes  مرض السكر      
gradually    بالتدريج                        result    نتيجة      
specialise    يتخصص                      theory    نظرية      
amount    كمية / مبلغ من المال            invisible    غير مرئي      
release    يُطلق / إطلاق                    gain    يكتسب / يزداد      
regularly    بانتظام                          process (n)    عملية      
appreciate    يُقَدِر                         research scientist    عالم أبحاث      
serious illness    مرض خطير          battery    بطارية      
anthropologist    عالم علوم الإنسان    archaeologist    عالم آثار      
biologist    عالم أحياء                       chemist    عالم كيمياء / صيدلي      
geographer    عالم جغرافيا               geologist    عالم جيولوجيا      
zoologist    عالم في علم الحيوان           psychologist    عالم نفس      
geneticist    عالم وراثة                     biochemist    عالم كيمياء حيوية      


environmental scientist   عالم بيئى  space scientist    عالم فضاء      
nuclear scientist    عالم نووي          physicist    عالم فيزياء      
specialist    متخصص / أخصائي          medical laboratory    معمل طبي      
breakthrough     انجاز هائل             oceanographer    عالم في دراسة المحيطات      
dissect    يُشَرِح                              dissection    تشريح      
ambitions    طموحات                      gradual    تدريجي      
diabetic    مصاب بالسكر                    theoretically    من الناحية النظرية / نظرياً      
a series of events    سلسلة أحداث      happen naturally    تحدث بشكل طبيعي      
alternatives    بدائل                        rainbow    قوس قزح      
record details    يسجل التفاصيل          mention    يَذكُر      

the earth's crust    قشرة الأرض       penicillin    البنسلين      
antibiotic    مضاد حيوي                    aids    مرض الايدز      

terminal diseases    أمراض مميتة     venom    سم                                       
generations    أجيال                        blood circulation     الدورة الدموية      
the solar system    النظام الشمسي       combine    يمزج / يخلط      
nutritional value    قيمة غذائية           disease-free crops    محاصيل خالية من الأمراض      
combat pollution    يكافح التلوث         existing diseases    الأمراض الموجودة      
feed the population    يُطعم السكان    safe energy    طاقة آمنة      
food scientist    عالم أغذية                overcome    يتغلب علي      
gain weight    يزداد في الوزن             chemical energy    طاقة كيميائية      
scientific discovery   اكتشاف علمي    fame    الشهرة      
tap    حنفية                                     dry/dried/dried    يجفف      
extra weight    وزن زائد                   epidemic    وباء      
hospitable    كريم الضيافة                 pot    إناء من الفخار أو البلاستيك لزراعة النبات       
theory of general relativity    نظرية النسبية العامة

Alzheimer's disease    مرض الزهايمر       
genetic information    معلومات وراثية       

continental drift    الجرف القاري (الحركة البطيئة للقارات)      

Words and their antonyms   الكلمات وعكسها
regular    منتظم                               irregular    غير منتظم      
exact    دقيق                                   inexact    غير دقيق      
succeed    ينجح                              fail    يفشل      
visible    مرئي                                invisible    غير مرئي
curable    يمكن علاجه                      incurable    لا يمكن علاجه      
grateful    شاكر / ممتن                     ungrateful    غير ممتن / جاحد      
humid    رطب                                arid    جاف      
accurate    دقيق                             inaccurate    غير دقيق      
advance    يتقدم                             retreat    يقهقر / يتراجع      
tasty    لذيذ الطعم                             tasteless    بلا طعم      
gradually    بالتدريج                        suddenly    فجأة      
theoretical    نظري                        actual    فعلي / واقعي      
bitter    مرير                                  sweet    حلو      
doubtful    متشكك                           certain    متأكد   

Words and their synonyms   الكلمات ومرادفاتها
cure   علاج                treatment / therapy 
achieve  يحقق           accomplish / attain      
result   نتيجة              consequence/outcome 
amount  كمية            quantity      
feed   يُطعم                nourish 
infectious  معدي       contagious      
visible   مرئي            seeable 
exact  دقيق                precise / accurate      
tasty  لذيذ                  delicious 
ability  قُدرة               capacity      
sudden   مفاجئ         abrupt 
face   يواجه               confront      
fight   يكافح / يحارب    combat 
defective  معيب        faulty      
despair   يأس           despondency 
agreement   موافقة   consent      
cooperate  يتعاون    collaborate 
doubtful   متشكك      skeptical / sceptical   


Prepositions & Expressions   حروف جر وتعبيرات
research the causes of    يبحث في أسباب 
get together    يتقابل      
find a cure for    يجد علاجا لــ 
at regular times    في أوقات منتظمة      
life on other planets    الحياة علي الكواكب الأخرى 
be passed down through    تنتقل من خلال      
keep up with    يساير / يجاري / يواكب 
test the theory with experiments    يختبر النظرية عن طريق التجارب      
make their own food    تصنع طعامها بنفسها 
an article about    مقالة عن      
result in    يؤدي إلي 
result from    ينتج من      
an explanation for    تفسير لـ 
be careful about    حريص بشأن      
compare results with    يقارن النتائج مع 
specialize in    يتخصص في      
become interested in    يصبح مهتما بـ 
remove something from    يزيل شيء من      
change..from...into...    يتغير من..إلي.. 
be released into the air    تنطلق في الهواء 
invisible to     غير مرئي لـ           

Irregular Verbs   أفعال شاذة
hold/held/held    يمسك      
lay/laid/laid    يضع      
hurt/hurt/hurt    يصيب بأذى 
lead/led/led    يقود      
keep/kept/kept    يحفظ     
lean/leant/leant
lean/leaned/leaned    يميـل      
kneel/knelt/knelt
kneel/kneeled/kneeled    يركع 
leap/leapt/leapt    يقفز
leap/leaped/leaped    يقفز   

Words that go together   كلمات متوافقة
carry out / do / perform experiments    يُجري تجربة 
catch a disease    يصاب بمرض      
make a discovery    يحقق اكتشاف 
spread diseases    ينشر الأمراض      
medical care    الرعاية الطبية 
health care    الرعاية الصحية      
do revision    يقوم بالمراجعة 
develop a theory    يُطور نظرية      
ever-growing    آخذة في الازدياد 
raise awareness about    يزيد الوعي بـ      
environmental awareness    الوعي البيئي
intensive care    الرعاية المركزة      
serious complications    مضاعفات خطيرة 
potential threat    تهديد محتمل      
technological progress    التقدم التكنولوجي 
periodic check    فحص دوري      
growing opposition    معارضة متزايدة 
scientific breakthrough    انجاز علمي هائل      
crucial factor    عامل حاسم 
negligible amount of    كمية ضئيلة من      
at regular intervals    علي فترات منتظمة           

Read the following passage carefully:
Food from the air
Everyone has seen plants growing, but have you ever thought where they get their food? In 1652, a European scientist called Van Helmot asked this question. Like most people, he thought that plants must get their food from soil. However, Van Helmot decided to test the theory with experiments. First, he dried some soil, put it into a pot and weighed it. Next he weighed a small tree, planted it in the pot and added rain water. Then, he watered the soil regularly with rain water.
After five years, he removed the tree from the Pot and weighed it again. He found that the tree had gained a huge amount of weight. When he weighed the soil, however, it was almost exactly the same as it had been five years earlier. Van Helmot thought this was strange, but decided that the extra weight of the tree must have come from the water. He did not realise that there was another invisible food which was feeding his tree.
We now know that plants and trees make their own food. Their leaves are like factories producing everything they need, so that plants can change the energy from the sun into chemical energy. During this process, oxygen and sugar are produced. The oxygen is released back into the air, and the sugar is used by the plant as food.

Definitions
achieve =  to succeed in doing something good or getting the result you  want      
cancer = a serious disease in which cells in someone's body grow in a way that is not normal    
cure (n)  =  medicine or treatment that can make an injury or illness better      
diabetes  = a disease in which there is  too much sugar in your blood      
gradually  =  something that happens slowly, over a long time      
result = something that happens or exists because of  something else      
specialise  = to limit most of your study, business, etc., to a particular subject or activity      
theory = an explanation for something that has not yet been proved to be true      
amount = how much of something there is      
invisible = impossible to  see        
release (v) = let go; stop holding something      
gain (v) = to  increase in something      
process (n) = a series of events or changes that happen naturally      
regularly = often, at regular times, for example, every day, week or month   

Language Notes
 لاحظ أن الصفات تأتي عادة قبل الأسماء ولكن تأتي بعد الكلمات الآتية                          
Something / everything / anything / nothing / somebody etc.
Have you read anything interesting lately?
Let's go somewhere quiet.

Rise / rose / risen (I) لا يليها مفعول 
=  go up, increase يزداد  , stand up يقف / ينهض , get out of bed يستيقظ 
Oil prices are rising all the time. يزداد
Smoke rose from the chimney. يتصاعد
The sun rises at around 6 a.m. تشرق
rise (n.)  زيادة / ارتفاع   increase / increase in wagesزيادة في الأجور  
There was a sudden rise in temperature yesterday. ارتفاع
He got a 10% rise last year. زيادة في الأجر

Raise / raised/ raised (T)    يليها مفعول
Raise your hand if you know the answer. يرفــع
The government does its best to raise the standard of living. يرفع مستوي المعيشــة
The concert raised a lot of money for cancer research.يجمع
Raise your voice ارفع صوتك
raise hopes/ fears/ suspicions  يثير الخوف/الشك    
Raise a subject / question / point يطرح للمناقشة موضوع أو نقطة أو يثير تساؤل

Arise / arose / arisen (بدون مفعول) = begin to happen ينشأ / يحدث
A lot of problems usually arise at work.
Arouse/aroused  يليها مفعول)  يثيــر (للمشاعر والأحاسيس / يوقظ )
Her behavior aroused the suspicions يثير شكوك of the police.

Like  = similar to / in the same way as مثل           
He eats like a horse.        He is like a son to me.
لاحظ استخدام like 
مع الأفعال الآتية seem / sound / look / feel / taste   يبدو
The garden looks like a jungle.        At last he felt like a real soldier.   
It seems like a good idea.
Like  = for example   
Things like glass, paper, and plastic can all be recycled.

As  +  job       
He works as a doctor.
Such as  = for example   
Things such as glass, paper, and plastic can all be recycled.
As = because           
He didn't come to school as he was ill.
As = while / when       
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
As = though / although       
Hard as he studied, he failed the test.
As for + someone / something   بالنسبة لـ
I am good at English. As for my brother, he is good at geography..
As of / as from = starting from   بداية من وقت معين
As from today, you are in charge of the office.

Words often confused   صعوبات خاصة
factor    عامل / جمعها عوامل                        ۩ factory   مصنع
The weather could be a crucial factor عامل حاسم in tomorrow's game.
There is a car factory in our town.

tasty = delicious    لذيذ الطعم        tasteful     ينُم عن الذوق الرفيع
testy = irritable   عصبي / سريع الغضب
The meal was very tasty.
She bought tasteful furniture.
He is a testy person.

pricey = expensive    غالي الثمن    priceless = of very great value     لا يُقدَر بثمن
The clothes are beautiful but very pricey.
A priceless collection of paintings was stolen from the museum.

Regrettable   شيء  يؤسف له     His behaviour at the party was very regrettable. Regretful  شاعر بالندم
He was regretful when he had to leave his old house.

series  سلسلة أحداث / كتب / أفلام / اجتماعات       serious  جاد / خطير        
They will hold a series of meetings over the next few weeks.
The government is trying to solve the serious problem of unemployment.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes
Choose the correct answer:
1. The (result – outlet – insult – revolt) of the experiment surprised everyone.
2. You will never (relieve – approve – achieve – believe) very much if you do not work hard.
3. At school, students learn many subjects, but when they get to university, they usually (realize – economize – specialize – symbolize).   
4. Scientists often do experiments to prove a particular (theory – habit – custom – tradition).
5. I found playing the guitar very difficult at first, but in the last two weeks I've (artificially – brutally - gradually – cheerfully) improved.
6. People who have (diagnosis – diabetes – dialects – diary) must be very careful about what they eat.
7. There are some sports where it is good to (earn – win – defeat – gain) weight, rather than lose it.
8. Farmers water their crops (regularly – bitterly – disorderly – formerly) to make sure they grow well.
9. The little boy who was hiding behind the door thought he was (divisible – edible – legible – invisible), but you could just see the top of his head.
10. If you don't turn the taps off, you can waste a huge (number - amount – account – discount) of water in a short time.
11. Leaves falling from trees in the autumn is a completely natural (excess – business – process – pretence).
12. She has been (diabetic – athletic – allergic - sympathetic) since she was a child. There is too much sugar in her blood.
13. His greatest (agreement – arrangement –achievement - discouragement) was becoming the captain of the national team when he was 16.
14. There was a (manual – punctual – spiritual -gradual) improvement in her schoolwork.
15. My doctor didn't know what was wrong with me, so he sent me to see a (geologist – specialist – physicist – zoologist).
16. (Artistically – Atomically – Theoretically - Historically), anyone can travel to the moon.
17.To (attach – attribute – challenge – achieve) is to succeed in doing something.
18. A/An (theory – practice – experience - experiment) is an explanation for something that has not yet been proved to be true.
19. A/An (operation – experiment – process - illness) is a series of events or changes that happen naturally.
20. (Fever – Paralysis – Flu – Cancer) is a serious disease in which cells in someone's body grow in a way that is not normal.
21. Something which is (compatible – invisible – audible - flexible) is impossible to see.
22.  (Gradually – Actually – Mutually - Individually) means something that happens slowly, over a long time.
23. A/An (cause – reason - result - explanation) is something that happens or exists because of  something else.
24. To (nationalize – terrorize – sterilize - specialize) is to limit most of your study, business, etc., to a particular subject or activity.
25. An/A (amount – number – equal - extract) means how much of something there is.
26. To (please – decrease – increase - release) means to stop holding something.
27. She gave a (supplies - series – process – service) of lectures at Cairo University.
28. The balloon (raised – aroused - rose – arose) gently in the air.
29. Her parents died when she was a baby and she was (rose – aroused – arose raised) by her grandparents.
30. (As – Like – So – If) it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
31. I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've (attracted – attended - achieved – attempted) nothing.
32. (Gradually – Mathematically – Electrically – Archaeologically), she realized that he wasn't telling her the truth.
33. Some scientists still believe in Darwin's (function - theory – diary – delivery) of evolution.
34. I enjoy working in general medicine, but I hope to be able to (characterize – destabilize – specialize – familiarize) in the future.
35. His broken leg is the direct (result – series – process – sequence) of his own carelessness.
36. These bacteria are (visible – feasible – practical – invisible) unless viewed with a microscope.
37. I (won – took – did – gained) a lot of weight while I was on holiday.
38. They suspected that she had killed him but they could never actually (improve – deprive – prune – prove) that it was her.
39. She was arrested for shoplifting but was (released – based – chased – cheated) on bail.
40. A (clue – cube – pure - cure) has not been found for this disease yet.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- Do you come here regularity? –No, I've only been here once before.
2- The scientist decided to test the theory with experiences.
3- How much do you weight?
4- As most people, he thought that plants get their food from soil.
5- These trees grow well in a sandy cell.
6- He planted a small tree in a put.
7- He proved the old wallpaper and filled the holes in the walls.
8- John has earned a lot of weight recently.
9- He paid regular numbers of money to a charity.
10-The company holds burglar meetings with employees.
11- His height was the like as it had been five years earlier.
12- Using a telescope, Galileo discovered stars that were indivisible to the naked eye.
13- Ageing is the natural recess of getting old.
14- Carbon stored in trees is pleased as carbon dioxide.
15- This restaurant realizes in seafood.